【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 of standard construction. Summary of Key Points for SSC 當(dāng)準(zhǔn)備發(fā)包的工程項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容、技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)一時(shí)尚不能像采用總價(jià)合同時(shí)那樣明確、具體地予以規(guī)定時(shí)，則以采用工程單價(jià)合同形式為宜。工程單價(jià)合同有以下兩種不同的形式。 1) 估計(jì)工程量單價(jià)合同（ Bill of Approximate Quantities Contract) 2) 純單價(jià)合同（ Straight Unit Rate Contract) 2. 工程單價(jià)合同 (Unit Price Contract) ? 單價(jià)固定（只有實(shí)際工程量有較大變化時(shí)可調(diào)整單價(jià)） ? B/Q表中的工程量只是估算值，工程量須按實(shí)結(jié)算，工程價(jià)格應(yīng)按照實(shí)際完成量計(jì)算； ? 可適用于大型復(fù)雜項(xiàng)目。 ? 在招標(biāo)前 ,業(yè)主無(wú)需對(duì)工程范圍作出完整的 /詳盡的規(guī)定 ,從而可以縮短招標(biāo)準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間 。 ? 能夠鼓勵(lì)承包商提高工作效率 ,節(jié)約工程成本 ,提高利潤(rùn) 。 ? 業(yè)主只按分項(xiàng)工程量支付費(fèi)用，可以減少意外開(kāi)支； ? 合同結(jié)算時(shí)只需對(duì)那種不可預(yù)見(jiàn)的、未予規(guī)定的工程單價(jià)進(jìn)行調(diào)整，結(jié)算程序比較簡(jiǎn)單。 單價(jià)合同優(yōu)點(diǎn) (1) A unit price is an average price per unit of an item of work. (2) In North America, UPC are limited to engineering construction, but unit prices are used in SSC to price changes in building work. (3) UPC usually require adjustments in the unit prices when quantities of items of work done vary by more than a stipulated amount( typically, 15 percent). (4) With bids for UPC, an owner’s consultant should watch out for unbalanced bids through which bidders seek an advantage from subsequent changes in amounts of different items of work, or to obtain overpayment in the early stages of a project. Summary of Key Points for UPC (5) UPC require the measurement of pleted work and the measured quantities to be priced by the unit prices, this makes necessary, as part of the contract, a stated method of measurement. (6) Contracts based on unit prices( in which some or all pleted work may be measured) are more mon for building works( as well as for engineering construction works) in many other countries. (7) Standard forms for UPC are published in North America by professional engineers. Summary of Key Points for UPC 當(dāng)工程內(nèi)容及其技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)尚未全面確定，而由于種種理由工程又必須向外發(fā)包時(shí)，采用成本補(bǔ)償合同的形式比較合適。 3. 成本補(bǔ)償合同 (CostPlusFee Contract) 適用范圍： ? 工期要求緊； ? 中小型項(xiàng)目； ? 業(yè)主與承包商有良好合作關(guān)系。 缺點(diǎn)： ? 業(yè)主不能對(duì)項(xiàng)目總造價(jià)實(shí)行實(shí)際的控制； ? 承包商對(duì)降低成本興趣不大。合同條款必須嚴(yán)格。 1) 成本加固定費(fèi)用合同（ Costplus Fixed Fee) C=Cd+F C：總造價(jià)； Cd：實(shí)際發(fā)生的直接費(fèi)； F：固定不變的酬金，通常按估算成本的一定百分比確定。 成本補(bǔ)償合同形式 2）成本加定比費(fèi)用合同（ Costplus Percentage Fee) C=Cd（ 1+P） C：總造價(jià)； Cd：實(shí)際發(fā)生的直接費(fèi)； P：雙方事先商定的固定酬金百分比。 成本補(bǔ)償合同形式 3） 成本加浮動(dòng)酬金合同（ Costplus Incentive Fee) 成本補(bǔ)償合同形式 工程實(shí)際成本 罰款 酬金 速度 金額 頂點(diǎn) 135% 概算（ 100%）報(bào)價(jià) 成本底點(diǎn) 60% 0 Cd=C0, C=Cd+F CdC0, C=Cd+F+△ F CdC0, C=Cd+F△ F C0, 預(yù)期成本 △ F，酬金增減部分，可以是 百分比，或固定的絕對(duì)數(shù) 成本補(bǔ)償合同形式 4） 目標(biāo)成本加獎(jiǎng)勵(lì) C=Cd+p1C0+p2(C0Cd) C0：目標(biāo)成本； p1：基本酬金百分比； p2：獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)酬金百分比 成本補(bǔ)償合同形式 5) 成本加固定最大酬金合同（ Costplus Upset Max) 工程實(shí)際成本 不予支付 支付全部成本 及雜項(xiàng)費(fèi)用 速度 金額 最高成本總額 報(bào)價(jià)指標(biāo)成本 最低成本總額 0 只支付全部成本 支付全部成本、 雜項(xiàng)費(fèi)用及酬 金，并分享節(jié)余 (1) CPFC and SSC are basic type of contracts at opposite ends of a hypothetical scale of risk. Variations on these two types lie between them on the scale. The most important of these is the Guaranteed maximum costplusfee contract, with a sharing clause that reflects the distribution of risk. (2) To an owner in a CPFC there are two kinds of costs: (1) costs are defined( generally, direct costs), and (2) the fee as defined( generally, to cover the indirect costs of the work). Definitions of costs and fee are critical. These are also known as (1) the reimbursable costs, and (2) the nonreimbursable costs. Summary of Key Points for CPFC (3) Costs of work are direct costs of labor, materials, equipment, and job overhead costs, and the indirect costs of operating (office) overhead and profit. (4) The basic unit for estimating and cost accounting is the item of work. (5) Labor costs are direct costs of wages, statutory payments, benefits, and costs for such things as traveling , board, and lodging. Productivity also affects labor costs. (6) Material costs are affected by quality, quantity, time( seasonal demand), place, credit, and discounts. Summary of Key Points for CPFC (7) Plants and equipment costs depend on depreciation, maintenance, investment costs, and the costs of mobilization, demobilization, and operation。 also working and idle time. (8) Job overhead costs include supervision( often the largest cost), premiums for insurances and bonds, fees for permits , costs of security and protection, temporary services and facilities。 cost of cleanup, cutting and patching work, and closeout costs. (9) Operating overhead cost are those that can not be directly identified with and attributed to a specific project including office staff, rent, and all office costs for equipment and supplies, munications and similar items. Summary of Key Points for CPFC (10) Profit is a cost to an owner。 profitability is a measurement of return on investment in a business, and the better way to quantify profit. (11) A CPFC requires for its success goodwill and trust between the parties. (12) The Owner usually carries the greater risk in a CPFC. (13) In a CPFC the owner and design are more involved in the work and its costs than in other kinds of contracts. Summary of Key Points for CPFC (14) Guaranteed Maximums CPFC often are preferable to traditional SSC for major building works because they provide more flexibility. (15) Guaranteed Maximums CPFC are bid like a SSC and administered like a CPFC so as to adjust the maximum cost, which in turn may affect the results of a sharing clause in the contract. (16) Standard forms for CPFC require care and attention in adapting them to particular project needs. Summary of Key Points for CPFC 10300 最終價(jià)格 (萬(wàn) ) 最終成本 (萬(wàn) ) 9500 10000 10500 某項(xiàng)目采用如下三種合同類(lèi)型 : 1 固定總價(jià)合同 (10300萬(wàn) ) 2 成本加百分比酬金 (5%)合同 3 GMP(10500)下的成本加固定酬金 (500)合同 試計(jì)算當(dāng)成本分別為 9500,10000,10500萬(wàn)時(shí)的承包商的利潤(rùn) ? 并繪制承包商的成本和最終價(jià)格曲線 ? 10300 最終價(jià)格 (萬(wàn) ) 最終成本 (萬(wàn) ) 9500 10000 10500 A B C 固定總價(jià)合同 (10300萬(wàn) ): 如果最終成本 =9500,承包商利潤(rùn) A=800(%) 如果最終成本 =10000,承包商利潤(rùn) B=300(%) 如果最終成本 =10500,承包商利潤(rùn) C= 200(%) 某項(xiàng)目采用如下三種合同類(lèi)型 : 1 固定總價(jià)合同 (10300萬(wàn) )