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高考中立體幾何的解法探索-展示頁

2024-09-14 08:52本頁面
  

【正文】 立體幾何空間角、空間距離的計算 …………………………………… 12 用向量法解立體幾何………………………………………………… 13 ………………… … …… ………… ……………………………………… 15 參考文獻(xiàn) ………………………………………………………………………… 16 贛南師范學(xué)院 2020 屆本科生畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計) 1 摘 要 立體幾何高中數(shù)學(xué)的重點內(nèi)容,是 從中學(xué)到大學(xué)繼續(xù)深造學(xué)習(xí)的必備基礎(chǔ)知識 .立體幾何在高考試卷中主要體現(xiàn)在點與線、點與面、線與線、線與面、面與面之間位置、距離、夾角問題的考查,并且一般都采用一題兩解的模式,既可以用綜合法解答,又可以用向量法解答 .吳厚榮在文獻(xiàn) [4]中發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生 更傾向于選擇向量法,而且有部分同學(xué)認(rèn)為向量法是 萬能的,在遇到用綜合法比較好做而用向量法比較難做時往往無從下手 .陳雪梅在文 [5]中對位置關(guān)系與角的度量的教學(xué)效果進(jìn)行了調(diào)查研究認(rèn)為向量的引入沒有加重學(xué)生的思維負(fù)擔(dān) .向量法相比綜合法可以減少一些復(fù)雜的思維和推理過程,提高解題效率,并易為學(xué)生接受,但有一些問題通過適當(dāng)作圖運(yùn)用綜合法可以減少像向量法中計算的繁瑣,面對不同的問題應(yīng)該選擇出合適的解法 .本文就是對于不同類型的立體幾何問題歸類探索其解法,通過歷年高考中立體幾何實例找出其解法,探索其解法并歸納總結(jié) . 關(guān)鍵詞 : 高考 ;立體幾何;向量 Abstract Solid geometry, the important content of high school math is to learn from the university continue to further study the necessary basic knowledge study. Solid geometry in the college entrance examination examination paper mainly embodied in the point and line and point and plane, line and line, line and surface, position, distance, Angle between surface and surface problem of examination, and generally adopted the solution of a problem, can use synthetic method to solve, and can use the vector method to solve. Wu Hourong found in the literature [4] students tend to choose the vector method, and has a part of the students thought that vector method is universal, to meet with synthetic method is better to do, but with the vector method is difficult to do often do not know how to start. When Chen Xuemei in paper [5] for the measurement of position and Angle of the teaching effect of the investigation and study feel that the introduction of the vector is no burden of aggravating the minds of students. Compared with the synthetic method can reduce some plex 贛南師范學(xué)院 2020 屆本科生畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計) 2 vector method of thinking and reasoning process, improve the efficiency of problem solving, and easy for students to accept, but there are some problems with proper drawing using synthetic method can reduce as vector method in the calculation of trival, face different issues should choose the appropriate solution. This paper is the problem for different types of solid geometry classification, explore the solution through the calendar year the university entrance exam in solid geometry instance to find out the solution, and explore the method and generalizations. Key words :The university entrance exam。vector 贛南師范學(xué)院 2020 屆本科生畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計) 3 從近幾年高考試題來看,文理均以選擇題、填空題、解答題各一道,共 23分 .其考小題推陳出新,考查的重點在于基礎(chǔ)知識, 以基本位置關(guān)系的判定與柱、錐、球的角、距離、體積計算為主 .考大題全面考查,主要考查學(xué)生對基本知識,基本方法,基本技能的理解、掌握和應(yīng)用情況,以 空間線面的位置關(guān)系和有關(guān)數(shù)量關(guān)系計算為主 .《考試說明》中明確指出:能根據(jù)條件畫出正確的圖形,根據(jù)圖形想象出直觀形象;能正確地分析出圖形中基本元素及相互關(guān)系;能對圖形進(jìn)行分解、組合與變換;會運(yùn)用圖形與圖表形象地揭示問題的本質(zhì) .立體幾何 以它的內(nèi)容決定了其試題在考查空間想象能力的作用,由于它的公理化體系的處理,又決定了立體幾何是考查演繹思維的最好素材,空間向量的引入更為解決立體幾何問題提供了新的方法 . 立體幾何是高考的必考內(nèi)容 .從近幾年的高考可以看出,考察的形式與特點是: ( 1) 以選擇題、填空題的形式考察基礎(chǔ)知識 .如線面位置關(guān)系的判斷,空間角與距離的求解,體積的計算,與球有關(guān)的組合體問題,空間圖形中動點軌跡問題等 .其中線面位置關(guān)系的判定又常會與命題、充要條件等有關(guān)知識融合在一起進(jìn)行考察 . ( 2) 以解答題的形式考察立體幾 何的綜合問題,如空間平行與垂直關(guān)系的論證,空間角與距離的求解,探索性問題,展開與折疊問題,定值與最值問題等 .
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