【正文】 “系統(tǒng)整合”開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)。Stage 3. Logistics plays an important coordinating role, as it interfaces with most other functions. With the emergence of business process re–engineering( BPR) in the early 1990s, the relationship between logistics and related functions was redefined. “ System integration” occurred. Cross–functional integration should achieve greater results.第三階段:因其成為面對(duì)眾多功能的接口,物流承擔(dān)起重要的協(xié)調(diào)作用。Stage 2. PDM was applied to the inbound movement of materials, ponents, and subassemblies, generally known as “ materials management”. By the late 1970s, many firms had established “ logistics department” with overall responsibility for the movement, storage, and handling of products upstream and downstream of the production operation.第二階段:PDM應(yīng)用于物流、部件和半成品的往返流轉(zhuǎn)活動(dòng),通常稱(chēng)之為“物料管理”。 process of logistical integration can be divided into four stages:物流整合的過(guò)程可分為四個(gè)階段:Stage 1. Began in the early 1960s in the USA and involved the integration of all activities associated with distribution. Separate distribution departments were to coordinate the management of all processes within physical distribution management( PDM).第一階段:開(kāi)始于0世紀(jì)60年代的美國(guó),涉及到所有相關(guān)的配送活動(dòng)的整合。物流系統(tǒng)就要更高效、更快、更靈活(4) Move from mass production towards flexible manufacturing system( FMS). These systems enable a pany to switch production quickly from one product to another(4) 從規(guī)模生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)向柔性生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)(FMS) 。其高速增長(zhǎng)原因有二:Firstly, pressure to change by the development of the system itself第一,因自身系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展而被迫變革(1) High–speed puting and data transmission can instantly transmit and react to user demand(1)高速計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)和數(shù)據(jù)交換系統(tǒng)能持續(xù)地對(duì)用戶(hù)需求實(shí)行流轉(zhuǎn)和操作(2) More flexible and accurate logistic planning and control through puters and data processing (2)通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)和數(shù)據(jù)加工能實(shí)現(xiàn)更加靈活的精確的物流計(jì)劃和管理(3) Flexible puter facilities help problem solving and increase decisions accuracy(3)柔性計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)施有助于問(wèn)題的解決和提高決策的精確度(4) Awareness of total cost measurement and management accounting(4)對(duì)整體成本衡量和財(cái)務(wù)管理的清醒認(rèn)識(shí)Secondly, pressures for changes from the wider economy.第二,來(lái)自范圍經(jīng)濟(jì)變革的壓力。There are three major flows involved in global logistics: material flow, document flow and cash flow.全球物流涉及到三種流轉(zhuǎn):物料流轉(zhuǎn),單據(jù)流轉(zhuǎn)和資金流轉(zhuǎn)。其缺點(diǎn)主要是交貨的不可靠性,艱難的溝通以及從產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)到產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)完成需要更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。這第二個(gè)方面迫使發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家不得不進(jìn)入一個(gè)叫做“全球物流”的新領(lǐng)域。* 對(duì)實(shí)施更好的物流運(yùn)作的期盼，或沒(méi)有時(shí)間開(kāi)發(fā)內(nèi)部物流所需要的能力* The pany is venturing into a new business with totally different logistics requirements。* 企業(yè)并不專(zhuān)長(zhǎng)于物流* The pany does not have sufficient resources。第三方物流提供商能夠?qū)?lái)自幾家企業(yè)的業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)行整合，并能提供頻繁的提貨和交貨，而企業(yè)內(nèi)部運(yùn)輸無(wú)法做到。Third Part Logistics have been growing rapidly. Cost reduction and demands for batter and cheaper services are the main drives behind the growth. A third part logistics provider will be in a position to consolidate business from several panies and offer frequent pick–ups and deliveries, whereas in–house transportation cannot. Other reasons are as follows:第三方物流增長(zhǎng)十分迅速。他們?cè)诘谝环剑ü?yīng)商或生產(chǎn)商）和第二方（買(mǎi)方或顧客）之間扮演著橋梁或設(shè)施供應(yīng)商的角色。由于顧客對(duì)退貨政策的要求更加靈活、更加實(shí)惠，反向配送將更加重要。多數(shù)物流系統(tǒng)未能對(duì)此類(lèi)事件作出足夠妥善的處理。退貨處理通常叫做反向配送。如若廢棄物能夠重新利用或回收，物流企業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)合理安排并將其運(yùn)送到再生產(chǎn)或再加工地點(diǎn)。Scrap disposal. The logistics process must effectively and quickly handle, transport, and store waste products. If they can be reused or recycled, logistics pany should arrange and move them to the re–production and re–processing locations.廢棄物處理。出口到國(guó)外的產(chǎn)品需要運(yùn)輸更長(zhǎng)的距離，經(jīng)歷更多的裝卸搬運(yùn)。其尺寸、重量、顏色和印制的信息會(huì)對(duì)顧客產(chǎn)生吸引力并將產(chǎn)品信息傳達(dá)給顧客。包裝執(zhí)行兩個(gè)基本的功能—營(yíng)銷(xiāo)和物流。國(guó)際物流的更重要的發(fā)展在于大力采用先進(jìn)的信息系統(tǒng)和實(shí)行獨(dú)立的部門(mén)運(yùn)作。There are some future trends in internationalization:國(guó)際化將呈現(xiàn)出以下未來(lái)趨勢(shì)：(1) More logistics executives with international responsibilities(1)物流將更多地承擔(dān)起國(guó)際義務(wù)(2) Expansion of the number and size of foreign trade zones.(2)對(duì)外貿(mào)易區(qū)的數(shù)量和規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大(3) Reduction in the amount of international paperwork and documentation(3)國(guó)際有紙作業(yè)和單據(jù)制作的數(shù)量的減少(4) More foreign warehousing is owned and controlled by the exporting firm(4)更多的涉外倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)業(yè)務(wù)由出口企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)和控制(5) Increasing number of smaller firm(5)小企業(yè)的數(shù)量增長(zhǎng)(6) Foreign ownership of logistics service firms, e. g., public warehousing and transportation carriers.(6)物流服務(wù)企業(yè)的涉外經(jīng)營(yíng)，如公營(yíng)倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)業(yè)務(wù)和國(guó)際運(yùn)輸商(7) Increasing multiple distribution channels(7)增加多配送渠道The international transport and the international logistics are same things in some way. So, when the international trading involved, the firm must establish international logistics systems to provide the products and service demanded. The most significant development in international logistics will be the increasing sophistication information system adopted and independent departments to operate.從某些方面講，國(guó)際運(yùn)輸?shù)韧趪?guó)際物流。隨著這種趨勢(shì)的發(fā)展，開(kāi)發(fā)國(guó)際物流網(wǎng)絡(luò)成為必須。 Logistics 國(guó)際物流An increasing number of panies are involving in international markets through exporting, licensing, joins ventures, and ownership. This trend should continue. With such expansion there is a ne