【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 bilities simply and safely.Lesson 8 The Business ContractThe economy of the world has grown beyond the boundaries of countries. Banks play a central role in regulating and encouraging trade between nations. A great deal of international trade is done on trust or rather,it would be more accurate to say that the trust of the parties involved is placed in the banking system. Some international banks have grown huge,offering their services even in remote corners of the world. There is hardly a person in the world today ,no matter where he lives,who is not affected directly or indirectly by banking. And if he stops to think,most of its effects are beneficial.世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展已超出了國(guó)界。銀行在調(diào)節(jié)和促進(jìn)國(guó)際貿(mào)易中起著核心作用。大量的國(guó)際貿(mào)易是靠相互信任完成的，或更確切地說(shuō)，參與雙方的相互信任建立在銀行系統(tǒng)之上。有些國(guó)際銀行規(guī)模發(fā)展得很大，甚至在世界的邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)也提供其服務(wù)。在今天的世界上，幾乎任何人，不論他住在哪兒，都會(huì)直接或間接地受到銀行的影響。如果他稍微想一下，便會(huì)感到其大部分影響都是有益的。1. 我們?cè)谄诖惴綄?duì)我們的詢盤(pán)做出答復(fù)。1. We are expecting your reply to our inquiry.2. 賣(mài)方改變了主意，不愿報(bào)盤(pán)。 seller has changed his mind and refused to make an offer.3．一般來(lái)說(shuō)，買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方要簽署書(shū)面合同作為達(dá)成協(xié)議的憑證和執(zhí)行該協(xié)議的基礎(chǔ)。 written contract is generally signed by the seller and the buyer as the proof of the agree ment and as the basis for its execution.4． 有效期對(duì)于實(shí)盤(pán)是不可缺少的。在規(guī)定期限屆滿之前，或在被對(duì)方接受或拒絕之前，發(fā)盤(pán)一直是有效的。4. The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer. An offer is considered open until after a Stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected.5． 還盤(pán)是對(duì)原發(fā)盤(pán)的拒絕，一旦作出還盤(pán)，原發(fā)盤(pán)即失效而失去約束力。5. It is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counteroffer is made.Lesson 9 Modes of Trade1． 對(duì)銷(xiāo)貿(mào)易是國(guó)際貿(mào)易中一種特殊的貿(mào)易方式，常常與有關(guān)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策目標(biāo)緊密相連，如應(yīng)對(duì)外匯短缺和擴(kuò)大出口之類(lèi)的問(wèn)題。1. Counter trade is a special mode of transaction in international trade and is often associated with policy objectives of relevant economies like dealing with foreign exchange shortages and promo tion of exports.2． “互相捆綁”是易貨貿(mào)易、回購(gòu)貿(mào)易和互購(gòu)貿(mào)易的共同特征。2. “Bundling” is the feature mon to barter, counter purchase and buyback.3． 對(duì)銷(xiāo)貿(mào)易的危險(xiǎn)性在于誦討掩蓋交易的真正價(jià)格和成本，它可能掩蓋并促并促使一國(guó)長(zhǎng)期在市場(chǎng)上保持低下的效益。3. Counter trade can be very risky in that by concealing the real prices and costs of transactions it may conceal and help perpetuate economic inefficiencies in the market place.4．在正常的市場(chǎng)交易中，由于使用貨幣及市場(chǎng)手段，貨物的買(mǎi)與賣(mài)是分別進(jìn)行的。4. In normal market transactions buying and selling of goods are unbundled,because of the use of money and the market.Lesson 10 International Payment1． 許多國(guó)際交易是通過(guò)匯票支付的，匯票是對(duì)銀行或顧客的支付命令。1. A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft that is an order to a bank or a customer to pay.2． 為處理國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的不同形勢(shì)，各種支付方法便發(fā)展了起來(lái)。2. Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in interna tional trade.3. 如果出口商希望保留其對(duì)貨物的所有權(quán)，他可以進(jìn)行寄售交易。3. If the exporter wishes to retain title or ownership to the goods, he can enter into consignment Transactions.Lelsson11 The Letter of Credit (I)1． 信用證的目的是通過(guò)銀行信譽(yù)為國(guó)際支付提供便利。1., The objective of an L/C is to facilitate international payment by means of the credit worthi ness of the bank.2． 只有在符合信用證所規(guī)定條款的情況下，才保證向受益人付款。2. The letter of credit only assures payment to the beneficiary provided the terms and conditions.3． 只要所有單據(jù)都符合信用證的規(guī)定，便認(rèn)為銀行履行了職責(zé)。3, The banks will be considered as having fulfilled their responsibility so long as all the docu ments ply with the stipulations of the credit.4． 受益人如果發(fā)現(xiàn)信用證中有任何與合同不符之處，便要求開(kāi)證人進(jìn)行修改，以便能保證安全及時(shí)地收到貨款。4. The beneficiary will request the opener to make amendments to any discrepancies in the credit so as to ensure safe and timely payment.Lesson 12 The Letter of Ctedit (II)1． 雖然保兌信用證能夠給受益人提供最大的付款保證，但它卻因保兌而增加了費(fèi)用。1. Although a confirmed credit is able to provide the greatest degree of security to the beneficiary, it involves additional cost as a result of the confirmation.2． 即期信用證給予受益人更好的付款保障，并有助于他加快資金周轉(zhuǎn)。只要受益人向銀行提示匯票和正確無(wú)誤的單據(jù)，銀行便立即付款。2. A sight credit gives the beneficiary better security and helps him speed up his capital bank will make payment provided that the beneficiary presents the draft and impeccable docuMents to it．3． 信用證極大地方便并促進(jìn)了國(guó)際貿(mào)易，然而，它并不完美。3. The letter of credit has greatly facilitated and promoted international trade. However,it is not perfect.Lesson 13 Major Documents Required in World TradeExperienced exporters and importers engaged in international trade are aware of the possible risks to the cargo: fire, storm, collision, etc. Goods sent to another country must be insured against damage or loss at each stage of their journey, so whatever mode of transport is used, neither the exporter nor the customer suffers any should be made sure that any arrangement made between the buyer and seller should be devoid of misunderstanding regarding the responsibility of both parties. 從事國(guó)際貿(mào)易的有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的進(jìn)口商和出口商都了解貨物可能發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)：火災(zāi)、風(fēng)暴、碰撞等。運(yùn)往國(guó)外的貨物在運(yùn)輸?shù)拿恳浑A段都應(yīng)保險(xiǎn)以防中途受損或丟失。這樣不管使用哪種運(yùn)輸方式,出口商和客戶都不會(huì)遭受損失。應(yīng)該保證買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方達(dá)成的協(xié)議在雙方責(zé)任上不應(yīng)存在任何誤解。1. 提單的簽發(fā)日期決不能晚于信用證所規(guī)定的時(shí)間。1. the date when the bill of lading is issued can by no means be later than that stipulated in the credit.2． 保險(xiǎn)單和保險(xiǎn)證書(shū)的作用是相似的，它們之間的唯一差別就是后者比前者更簡(jiǎn)單一些。2. The insurance policy and the insurance certificate are similar in function , the only difference being that the latter is a bit simpler than the former.3．已裝船提單表明貨物已實(shí)際裝上開(kāi)往目的港的承運(yùn)船只。3. An on board bill of lading indicates that the goods have been actually loaded on the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination.Lesson 14 International TransportationOcean freight is the most widely used form of transportation in international trade. As the most Efficient form in terms of energy, ocean freight has its attractions in delivering large quantities of goods over long distances. Compared with ocean freight, air freight enjoys the most obvious advantage In the speed of delivery. Another benefit of air transportgreater security helps to reduce insurance premium since the risk of pilferage and damage is much smaller. With the development of interna tional trade, air traffic has increased rapidly.海運(yùn)是國(guó)際貿(mào)易中最廣泛的運(yùn)輸方式。由于其能耗量最低，海運(yùn)在長(zhǎng)途運(yùn)輸大量貨物方面有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì)。同海運(yùn)相比，空運(yùn)的明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)在于其運(yùn)輸速度快，空運(yùn)的另一個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)——更加安全，降低了空運(yùn)的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)，因?yàn)樨浳锉煌蹈`或受損的