【正文】 化的發(fā)展，無(wú)形貿(mào)易即使在發(fā)展中國(guó)家的國(guó)際貿(mào)易中所占的比例也逐漸增大。3. BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project.4. 國(guó)際許可即一家公司允許國(guó)外的公司使用它的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)。4. In international licensing,a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks,brand names,patents,copyrights or tech nology.5. 國(guó)際商務(wù)比國(guó)內(nèi)商務(wù)涉及的因素更多，因而更加復(fù)雜。正相反，低收人國(guó)家之所以不能像其他國(guó)家那樣迅速與全球經(jīng)濟(jì)融合，部分是由于這些國(guó)家的政策所玫，另一部分是由于一些不可控因素所致。1. GNP and GDP indicate a country’s total ine. They can be used interchangeably to measure the level of its national ine.2. 商界人士非常關(guān)心一個(gè)市場(chǎng)的收入分布狀況，因?yàn)槿绻诘褪杖雵?guó)家他們就要以生產(chǎn)價(jià)格低廉的大路貨為主。3. We should pay special attention to those promising,potential markets.4． GNP與GDP的區(qū)別在于：前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是生產(chǎn)要素的所有權(quán)，而后者著眼于進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的地方。5. In assessing the potential of a country as a market,people often look at per capita ine.Lesson 3 Regional Economic Integration1． 歐盟是一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)齊全的實(shí)體，其歷史可追溯到1952年。2. The mon market is characterized by the free flow of capital and technology besides goods, services and labors.3．各國(guó)推行自由貿(mào)易就是為了更好地享受地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化帶來(lái)的益處。1. Economic globalization is giving new impetus and opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive.2． 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化使得各經(jīng)濟(jì)體更容易受到全球各地不利事件的傷害。3. Security is extremely important to any MNE because without it,an MNE’s s survival can never be assured.4．廣闊的地域分布使跨國(guó)企業(yè)在資源和定價(jià)的決策上有了很大的選擇范圍。1. The theory of parative advantage has bee the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade.2． 實(shí)際上，某一個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)任何商品都不具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)的情況并不罕見。3. Trade to exploit parative advantage promotes efficiency among countries.lesson 6 International Trade (Ⅱ)1． 關(guān)稅壁壘是限制貿(mào)易最常見的形式。 countries depending heavily on tourism for their foreign exchange earnings are making great efforts to develop their tourism. 3． 進(jìn)口稅是對(duì)入境商品所征的稅，而出口稅是對(duì)離境商品所征的稅。4. Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most mon form of nontariff barriers.5． 現(xiàn)實(shí)中各國(guó)所進(jìn)行的貿(mào)易是多種多樣的，也是復(fù)雜的，經(jīng)常是有形貿(mào)易和無(wú)形貿(mào)的混合。1. Experienced exporters and importers engaged in international trade are all aware of the possible risks to the cargo: fire, storm, collision, etc.2. 2000年對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則的修改考慮了無(wú)關(guān)稅區(qū)的發(fā)展，商務(wù)活動(dòng)中電子遁使用的增加，以及運(yùn)輸方式的變化。3. If, when drawing up their contract, buyer and seller have some monly understood rules to specifically refer to, they can be sure of defining their respective responsibilities simply and safely.Lesson 8 The Business ContractThe economy of the world has grown beyond the boundaries of countries. Banks play a central role in regulating and encouraging trade between nations. A great deal of international trade is done on trust or rather,it would be more accurate to say that the trust of the parties involved is placed in the banking system. Some international banks have grown huge,offering their services even in remote corners of the world. There is hardly a person in the world today ,no matter where he lives,who is not affected directly or indirectly by banking. And if he stops to think,most of its effects are beneficial.世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展已超出了國(guó)界。大量的國(guó)際貿(mào)易是靠相互信任完成的，或更確切地說(shuō)，參與雙方的相互信任建立在銀行系統(tǒng)之上。在今天的世界上，幾乎任何人，不論他住在哪兒，都會(huì)直接或間接地受到銀行的影響。1. 我們?cè)谄诖惴綄?duì)我們的詢盤做出答復(fù)。 seller has changed his mind and refused to make an offer.3．一般來(lái)說(shuō)，買賣雙方要簽署書面合同作為達(dá)成協(xié)議的憑證和執(zhí)行該協(xié)議的基礎(chǔ)。在規(guī)定期限屆滿之前，或在被對(duì)方接受或拒絕之前，發(fā)盤一直是有效的。5. It is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counteroffer is made.Lesson 9 Modes of Trade1． 對(duì)銷貿(mào)易是國(guó)際貿(mào)易中一種特殊的貿(mào)易方式，常常與有關(guān)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策目標(biāo)緊密相連，如應(yīng)對(duì)外匯短缺和擴(kuò)大出口之類的問(wèn)題。2. “Bundling” is the feature mon to barter, counter purchase and buyback.3． 對(duì)銷貿(mào)易的危險(xiǎn)性在于誦討掩蓋交易的真正價(jià)格和成本，它可能掩蓋并促并促使一國(guó)長(zhǎng)期在市場(chǎng)上保持低下的效益。4. In normal market transactions buying and selling of goods are unbundled,because of the use of money and the market.Lesson 10 International Payment1． 許多國(guó)際交易是通過(guò)匯票支付的，匯票是對(duì)銀行或顧客的支付命令。2. Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in interna tional trade.3. 如果出口商希望保留其對(duì)貨物的所有權(quán)，他可以進(jìn)行寄售交易。1., The objective of an L/C is to facilitate international payment by means of the credit worthi ness of the bank.2． 只有在符合信用證所規(guī)定條款的情況下，才保證向受益人付款。3, The banks will be considered as having fulfilled their responsibility so long as all the docu ments ply with the stipulations of the credit.4． 受益人如果發(fā)現(xiàn)信用證中有任何與合同不符之處，便要求開證人進(jìn)行修改，以便能保證安全及時(shí)地收到貨款。1. Although a confirmed credit is able to provide the greatest degree of security to the beneficiary, it involves additional cost as a result of the confirmation.2． 即期信用證給予受益人更好的付款保障，并有助于他加快資金周轉(zhuǎn)。2. A sight credit gives the beneficiary better security and helps him speed up his capital bank will make payment provided that the beneficiary presents the draft and impeccable docuMents to it．3． 信用證極大地方便并促進(jìn)了國(guó)際貿(mào)易，然而，它并不完美。運(yùn)往國(guó)外的貨物在運(yùn)輸?shù)拿恳浑A段都應(yīng)保險(xiǎn)以防中途受損或丟失。應(yīng)該保證買賣雙方達(dá)成的協(xié)議在雙方責(zé)任上不應(yīng)存在任何誤解。1. the date when the bill of lading is issued can by no means be later than that stipulated in the credit.2． 保險(xiǎn)單和保險(xiǎn)證書的作用是相似的，它們之間的唯一差別就是后者比前者更簡(jiǎn)單一些。3. An on board bill of lading indicates that the goods have been actually loaded on the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination.Lesson 14 International TransportationOcean freight is the most widely used form of transportation in international trade. As the most Efficient form in terms of energy, ocean freight has its attractions in delivering large quantities of goods over long distances. Compared with ocean freight, air freight enjoys the most obvious advantage In the speed of delivery. Another benefit of air transportgreater security helps to reduce insurance premium since the risk of pilferage and damage is much smaller. With the development of interna tional trade, air traffic has increased rapidly.海運(yùn)是國(guó)際貿(mào)易中最廣泛的運(yùn)輸方式。同海運(yùn)相比，空運(yùn)的明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)在于其運(yùn)輸速度快，空運(yùn)的另一個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)——更加安全，降低了空運(yùn)的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)，因?yàn)樨浳锉煌蹈`或受損的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)更小。1． 在當(dāng)前市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)十分激烈的情況下，出口商必須加快貨運(yùn)，以快取勝。2. Transportation is fundamental to the development and operation of an industrial society.3． 許多商業(yè)領(lǐng)域已充分發(fā)展，這意味著不會(huì)頻繁地進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品革新。鼓勵(lì)采用效率更高的、更大規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。1. The main stimulus to the enterprise is the release of funds for investment in the production