【正文】 informative than is required 質(zhì)量the maxim of Quality 不要說你認(rèn)為是假的話或你缺乏足夠證據(jù)的話 Do not say what you believe to false. Do not say for which you lack adequate evidence 關(guān)系 the maxim of relation使你的話與話題相關(guān)be relevant 方式 the maxim of manner避免模糊、歧義，應(yīng)簡明有序 Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity。 most utterances take the form of sentences ,. most utterances are plete sentences In terms of syntax, some utterances are not, and some can’t even be restored to plete sentences the nature of language change All living languages change with change is not only universal and inevitable,but also systematic,extensive,ongoing,and change is a rulegoverned behavior,involving all ponents of the grammar. the major causes of language change Sound assimilation,Rule simplification and internal borrowing與語法變化有關(guān) ⑴語音同化Sound assimilation Assimilative processes are phonological changes due to physiological also involves vowel nasalization and morphological and lexical changes. ⑵規(guī)則簡化Rule simplification It’s a type of spontaneous morphological rule change involves exceptional plural forms of same kind of analogic change is exemplified by the regularization of some borrowed words whose plural formation rule is different from the regular english. ⑶內(nèi)部借用Internal Borrowing It’s motivated by the need to lessen the burden on memory is called internal represents a continual readjustment of a language’s grammatical system as it develops from one state of equilibrium to another. ⑷規(guī)則細(xì)化 Elaboration It occurs when there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase municative clarity or expressiveness. ⑸社會(huì)因素Social triggers ⑹文化轉(zhuǎn)移Cultural transmission ⑺兒童語法接近成人語法Children’s approximation toward the adult grammar. A generally accepted view among language acquisition scholars is that children acquire their native language not through formal instrucation of grammatical rules, they often construct their personal information they hear. Franca和洋涇浜語Pidgin的區(qū)別 ⑴Pidgin is used for some practical purposes,such as trading,by groups of people who donot know each other’s Franca may have native speakers such as English, ⑵Pidgin is not a native language of a particular region,but simply a marginal language used by people whose cultures are sharply separated and whoes business contact is very specialized. to a specific area of the brain results in a speech production deficit. Wernicke在1874發(fā)表的論文假設(shè)there was more than one language area in the left brain. gyrus lies behind Wernicke’s area is crucial for the matching of a spoken form with a perceived object, for the naming of objects, for the prehension of written language and require connections between visual and speech organs. we listen,the word is heard and prehended via Wernicke’s area. critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about two to puberty. 定義??！ ，推出了Cerebral plasticity. 17. 早期學(xué)者針對語言和思想的觀點(diǎn) ⑴Plato suggested that thought was the soul’s discourse with itself. 柏拉圖認(rèn)為語言和思想相互統(tǒng)一的。 The debate between them, one being mentalist, other empiricist. 兩個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)向背。 ⑶Watson, thinking involved the same motor activities used in speaking, Bloomfield, thinking was a system of movements that had been reduced from actual speech to the point where they were no longer visible. 美國的Watson承襲了Plato的觀點(diǎn)，Bloomfield提出了近似的觀點(diǎn)。 主要包括單詞重音、語句重音和語調(diào)。 is the nature of language change in historical linguistics? 語言的本質(zhì)在歷史語言學(xué)中的含義？ ⑴language change is inevitable. ⑵as a general rule, language change is universal, continuous,to a considerable degree, regular and systematic. ⑶language change is extensive, taking place in virtually all aspects of the grammar—in phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon and semantics. ⑷when language change is in progress, phonemes, morphemes, words, and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost, or altered, and meanwhile, the meaning of individual lexical items or strings of words may expand ,narrow,or shift. ’s the difference between the instrumental motivation and the integrative motivation of the learner’s?工具性與介入性學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)的不同點(diǎn)？ ⑴usually, adults are motivated to learn a second language because of a municative need, they may learn a second language in order to use it functionally when they intend to use it as an instrument for the purpose. ⑵in certain situations an integrative motivation may be more powerful in facilitations may count for more. ⑶when the target language functions as a foreign language ,the learner is likely to benefit from an integrative motivation。 ⑵A phoneme is a phonological unit, it’s not a concrete sound but an abstract notion, it’s a collection of features. it can be realized as different phones in different phonetic contexts. Such as ,the phoneme[ l ] can be realized as a clear[ l ] or a dark [ l ],depending on where it occurs in a sound bination. ⑶The actually phonetic realization of a phoneme are called its allophones, allophones are the actual phones we hear in linguistic munication.majorofwhateach語言學(xué)范疇內(nèi)容知識(shí)definedtheofphonicofit‘swiththethatinworld‘sstudysoundsinventorydistinctivethatinlanguagetheintotheyaofgrammarstudiesinternalofandruleswhicharessubfieldlinguisticsstudiessentenceoflanguage.SemanticsIt‘sdefinedtheofinstudymeaningcontextwords.Othersdosayisisinsensetherenoconnectionthethatusethetotheserefer.Thethatlanguagesdifferentforsameisgoodofarbitraryofit‘souragreementutteranceconceptworknotinnateboundinutterance.Aexampleillustrate?arbitrariness‘language?abyotherwouldaswhatmoderndifferenttraditionallinguisticsdescriptive,investigationsbasedauthenticmainlylanguagetraditionalisitbasedhigh‘language.傳統(tǒng)語法是規(guī)定性的，研究‘高級’書面語。modernmainlyorwhyModernissynchronic,onpresentdayunlessvariousoflanguagesuccessfullyitnotpossibledescribefromdiachronicof除非對語言的各種狀態(tài)都進(jìn)行成功的研究，否則很難從歷時(shí)性角度對語言進(jìn)行描述。enjoysinlinguistics,orenjoysthereasons:⑴Speec