【正文】 d by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words,the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for, so words are just names or labels for things. conceptualist view It holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to。 Do not make your contribution more informative than is required 質(zhì)量the maxim of Quality 不要說你認(rèn)為是假的話或你缺乏足夠證據(jù)的話 Do not say what you believe to false. Do not say for which you lack adequate evidence 關(guān)系 the maxim of relation使你的話與話題相關(guān)be relevant 方式 the maxim of manner避免模糊、歧義，應(yīng)簡明有序 Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity。 主要包括單詞重音、語句重音和語調(diào)。ofdefinedofthatstudythatintoofofarelinguisticslanguage.ofmeaningtherethattheselanguagesisofutteranceinnateAlanguagewouldmodernlinguisticsauthentictraditionalhigh‘modernModernpresentdaylanguagepossibleofenjoys⑴Speechthelinguistics,除非對語言的各種狀態(tài)都進(jìn)行成功的研究，否則很難從歷時性角度對語言進(jìn)行描述。fromitvarioussynchronic,or傳統(tǒng)語法是規(guī)定性的，研究‘高級’書面語。itlanguageinvestigationstraditionalbyillustrateinworkourofforThetheconnectioninsaywords.definedsentencesrulesstudieslanguageinventoryworld‘swithofeach ⑵A phoneme is a phonological unit, it’s not a concrete sound but an abstract notion, it’s a collection of features. it can be realized as different phones in different phonetic contexts. Such as ,the phoneme[ l ] can be realized as a clear[ l ] or a dark [ l ],depending on where it occurs in a sound bination. ⑶The actually phonetic realization of a phoneme are called its allophones, allophones are the actual phones we hear in linguistic munication. The debate between them, one being mentalist, other empiricist. 兩個人的觀點向背。 Performatives are sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable. Act A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases ,clauses. it’s the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. Act An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention it’s the act performed in saying something. Perlocutionary Act Perlocuationary Act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. it’s the consequence of ,or the change brought about by the utterance. meaning It refers to a sentence and is a grammatical concept, the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication. meaning It refers to a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of munication, it bees and utterance and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered. Principle It’s proposed and formulated by , a pragmatic hypothesis, is about that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate, otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. implicatures According to , it refers to the extra meaning not contained in th utterance, understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s Langue和parole的區(qū)別 ⑵ linguist in1950針對Saussure’s langueamp。parole提出Competence和performance ⑶曾經(jīng)對語言概念下過定義的語言學(xué)家 Sapirlanguage is a purely human and noninstinctive method of munication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. Halllanguage is the institution whereby humans municate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oralauditory arbitrary symbols. Chomskyfrom now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. ⑷ Linguist Charles Hockett Charles Hockett design features resulting from careful investigations show that there have been over5,000languages in the world, about two thirds of which have not had written form. Acoustic–studies the physical properties of speech sounds ,the way sound travel from the speaker to the hearer. are the English consonants classified? By place of articulation and By manner of articulation do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? who do you think will be more interested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist? why? 語音學(xué)和音位學(xué)的研究中心有何不同?語音學(xué)家和音位學(xué)家哪一個更關(guān)心清晰音的區(qū)別?為什么? Phonetics —description of all speech sounds and their find differences. Phonology —description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning. A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences in meaning. ’s a phone? how is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme? Phone—a speech sound ,a phonetic unit. Phonemea collection of abstract sound features, a phonological unit. Allophonesactual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts. is a minimal pair and a minimal set? why is it important to identify the minimal set in a language?為什么區(qū)分最小對立組在一種語言中非常重要? Minimal pair—two sound binations identical in every way except in one sound element that occurs in the same position. 除了出現(xiàn)在同一位置的一個語音成分不同外,其他部分都一樣的兩個語音組合. Minimal set—a group of sound binations with the above feature. 一組具有上述特征的語音組合. By identifying the minimal pair or the minimal set of a language, a philologist can identify its phonemes. 通過分析一種語言的最小對立對或最小對立組,音位學(xué)家能辨別出它的音位. with examples how broad transcription and narrow one transcription differ? Broad transcription—one letter symbol for one sound. Narrow transcription—diacritics are added to the oneletter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds. the sequential rule ,the assimilation rule and the deletion rule. 有序規(guī)則Sequential rules Rules that govern the bination of sounds in a particular language. 同化規(guī)則Assimilation rules The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another