【正文】 by’ copying ’a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. 省略規(guī)則Deletion rule It’s a phonological rule which tells us when a sound is to be deleted although its orthographically represented.話語的言外之義是說話人通過故意違反某一準(zhǔn)則而獲得這種聽者能懂的暗含之意。一個(gè)是心靈主義，另一個(gè)是經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義。arestudy?thealllanguages.ofandMorphologyIt‘sthebyastructureasPragmaticsthelanguagethebetweenobjectsfactthethetacitandthetheany3.grammar?are其研究以確實(shí)可靠的、主要以口語形式的資料為基礎(chǔ)。isdiachronic?focusingstateswillaspeechfollowingwritings?pointbeatheon‘onModernmakesnameofanyofnatureobjectdifferentwhichsoundsthatarbitrary?非考試要求內(nèi)容ofstudyaofwordsstructurebranchpatternssoundsPhonologythesoundsmediumPhoneticsit‘sbranches 三、問答題 what cortical regions are speech and language thought to be localized? In what have e to be known as Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area and angular gyrus, all located in the left hemisphere of the brain. In your opinion does language relate thought and culture? Language doesn’t determine the way the speaker perceives the world, but largely functions as a means by which information can be stored and received, by which a culture transmits its belief, values and norms, and by which the speaker interacts other members of the cultures. the processes of language perception, prehension and production. It’s been proposed that the brain activity involved in hearing, understanding and then saying a word would follow a definite pattern, when we listen, the word is heard and prehended via Wernicke’s area, this signal is then transferred to Broca’s area where preparations are made to produce it. A signal is then sent to the motor area controlling the vocal tract to physically articulate the word. When we speak, words are drawn from Wernicke’s area and sent to Broca’s area which determines the details of their form and pronunciation. The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area. Interference from the mother tongue: Mother tongue interference is found at the level of pronunciation, morphology, syntax, vocabulary and meaning, and can be predicated by contrasting the grammatical or other systems of the native and target languages. Interlingual interference: Interlingual interference，or crossassociation, occurs when the learner mixes rules and patterns of the target language and produce hybrid structures. Overgeneralization： The use of previously available strategies in new situations, . the application of a particular pattern or rule of the target language in many other linguistic situations二、問答題 is the word order in Modern English more rigid than that in Old English? Because in Modern English there are no longer the elaborate morphological system used in Old English, such as the case marking system, to help to indicate grammatical relations. therefore, it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns by their inflectional endings. The functional notions of subject and object have to be indicated largely by the syntactic position of nouns in a linear order, resulting in a system with stricter constraints on word order. features of language do you think should be included in a good, prehensive definition of language? Language is a rulegoverned system. Language is basically vocal. Language is arbitrary. Language is used for human munication. ’s Broca’s area and what will happen if any damage is inflicted upon it? ⑴In 1861, a French surgeon and anatomist Paul Broca discovered that somewhere in the frontal lobe in the left cerebral hemisphere had something to do with speech difficulty. this place is known as Broca’s area. ⑵Any damage to sites in the left cerebral hemisphere will result in a patient’s language disorder, whereas destruction of corresponding sites in the right hemisphere leave linguistic capacities intact. ⑶Therefore if any damage is inflicted upon this area, it will result in word finding difficulties and problems with syntax. briefly your understanding of the differences between the term acquisition and the term learning in language acquisition study? ⑴The distinction between acquisition and learning was proposed by the American SLA scholar Stephen Krashen on the assumption that they are different processes. ⑵Acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily municative situations. ⑶Learning is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings. ⑷It’s recognized that children acquired their native language without explicit learning, which a second language is more monly learned but to some degree may also be acquired, depending on the environmental setting and the input received by the L2learner. ⑸A rule can be learned before it is internalized(. acquired),but having learned a rule does not necessarily preclude having to acquire it later. features? how does it function in conveying meaning? ⑴ the phonological features that occur above the sound segmental level are called suprasegmental features. ⑵the major suprasegmental features of English includes word stress, sentence stress and intonation. ⑶ The suprasegmental features distinguish meaning. 超切分特征是在語音切分成分層面之上的音系特征。 2. 合作原則的準(zhǔn)則4Maxim of Cooperative Principle 數(shù)量 the maxim of Quantity你說的話應(yīng)包含所需內(nèi)容且不可超過內(nèi)容要求 Make your contribution as informative as required。 rather ,in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. It’s based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. her are two kinds of context: the situational and the linguistic context. It refers to the attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the” situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the h