【正文】 ⑴Speechthelinguistics,enjoys除非對語言的各種狀態(tài)都進行成功的研究，否則很難從歷時性角度對語言進行描述。offrompossibleitlanguagevariouspresentdaysynchronic,Modernormodern傳統(tǒng)語法是規(guī)定性的，研究‘高級’書面語。high‘ittraditionallanguageauthenticinvestigationslinguisticstraditionalmodernwouldbylanguageillustrateAininnateworkutteranceourofofisforlanguagesThethesethethatconnectionthereinsaywords.meaningofdefinedlanguage.sentencelinguisticssarerulesofstudiesofintolanguagethatinventorystudyworld‘sthatwithofofdefinedeachof ⑵A phoneme is a phonological unit, it’s not a concrete sound but an abstract notion, it’s a collection of features. it can be realized as different phones in different phonetic contexts. Such as ,the phoneme[ l ] can be realized as a clear[ l ] or a dark [ l ],depending on where it occurs in a sound bination. ⑶The actually phonetic realization of a phoneme are called its allophones, allophones are the actual phones we hear in linguistic munication. 主要包括單詞重音、語句重音和語調(diào)。 The debate between them, one being mentalist, other empiricist. 兩個人的觀點向背。 Do not make your contribution more informative than is required 質(zhì)量the maxim of Quality 不要說你認(rèn)為是假的話或你缺乏足夠證據(jù)的話 Do not say what you believe to false. Do not say for which you lack adequate evidence 關(guān)系 the maxim of relation使你的話與話題相關(guān)be relevant 方式 the maxim of manner避免模糊、歧義，應(yīng)簡明有序 Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity。 Performatives are sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable. Act A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases ,clauses. it’s the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. Act An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention it’s the act performed in saying something. Perlocutionary Act Perlocuationary Act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. it’s the consequence of ,or the change brought about by the utterance. meaning It refers to a sentence and is a grammatical concept, the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication. meaning It refers to a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of munication, it bees and utterance and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered. Principle It’s proposed and formulated by , a pragmatic hypothesis, is about that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate, otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. implicatures According to , it refers to the extra meaning not contained in th utterance, understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s Langue和parole的區(qū)別 ⑵ linguist in1950針對Saussure’s langueamp。Linguistics ：Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. General Linguistics ：The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. language ：Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human munication. Design Features ：It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of munication.Linguistics：Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. The scope of linguistics：The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通語言學(xué))The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic munication, is called phonetics.（語音學(xué)）The study of how sounds are put together and used in munication is called phonology. （音系學(xué)）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形態(tài)學(xué)）The study of how morphemes and words are bined to form sentences is called syntax（句法學(xué)）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （語義學(xué)）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （語用學(xué)）The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. （社會語言學(xué)）The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycholinguistics. （心理語言學(xué)） transcription The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. transcription The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vibration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds. Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. The sounds in the production of which no articulators e very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels. The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants. The basic unit in phonology, it’s a collection of distinctive phonetic features. Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. A phonetic unit or segment. it doesnot necessarily distinguish meaning, it’s a speech sound we use when speaking a language. pair When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stress ,intonation and tone. distribution P35 Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in plementary distribution. medium of language The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human munication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language. When a obstruction created by the speech organs is total or plete, the speech sound p