【正文】 cal tract to physically articulate the word. When we speak, words are drawn from Wernicke’s area and sent to Broca’s area which determines the details of their form and pronunciation. The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area. Interference from the mother tongue: Mother tongue interference is found at the level of pronunciation, morphology, syntax, vocabulary and meaning, and can be predicated by contrasting the grammatical or other systems of the native and target languages. Interlingual interference: Interlingual interference，or crossassociation, occurs when the learner mixes rules and patterns of the target language and produce hybrid structures. Overgeneralization： The use of previously available strategies in new situations, . the application of a particular pattern or rule of the target language in many other linguistic situations二、問答題 is the word order in Modern English more rigid than that in Old English? Because in Modern English there are no longer the elaborate morphological system used in Old English, such as the case marking system, to help to indicate grammatical relations. therefore, it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns by their inflectional endings. The functional notions of subject and object have to be indicated largely by the syntactic position of nouns in a linear order, resulting in a system with stricter constraints on word order. features of language do you think should be included in a good, prehensive definition of language? Language is a rulegoverned system. Language is basically vocal. Language is arbitrary. Language is used for human munication. ’s Broca’s area and what will happen if any damage is inflicted upon it? ⑴In 1861, a French surgeon and anatomist Paul Broca discovered that somewhere in the frontal lobe in the left cerebral hemisphere had something to do with speech difficulty. this place is known as Broca’s area. ⑵Any damage to sites in the left cerebral hemisphere will result in a patient’s language disorder, whereas destruction of corresponding sites in the right hemisphere leave linguistic capacities intact. ⑶Therefore if any damage is inflicted upon this area, it will result in word finding difficulties and problems with syntax. briefly your understanding of the differences between the term acquisition and the term learning in language acquisition study? ⑴The distinction between acquisition and learning was proposed by the American SLA scholar Stephen Krashen on the assumption that they are different processes. ⑵Acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily municative situations. ⑶Learning is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings. ⑷It’s recognized that children acquired their native language without explicit learning, which a second language is more monly learned but to some degree may also be acquired, depending on the environmental setting and the input received by the L2learner. ⑸A rule can be learned before it is internalized(. acquired),but having learned a rule does not necessarily preclude having to acquire it later. features? how does it function in conveying meaning? ⑴ the phonological features that occur above the sound segmental level are called suprasegmental features. ⑵the major suprasegmental features of English includes word stress, sentence stress and intonation. ⑶ The suprasegmental features distinguish meaning. 超切分特征是在語音切分成分層面之上的音系特征。 ⑵Aristotle, who argued that mankind could not have the same languages and that languages were but signs of psychological experiences. 亞里士多德認為語言只是人類體現(xiàn)的符號。 2. 合作原則的準則4Maxim of Cooperative Principle 數(shù)量 the maxim of Quantity你說的話應包含所需內容且不可超過內容要求 Make your contribution as informative as required。 It’s a semantic relationship or logical connection. A presupposes B. Entailment can be illustrated by the following tow sentences in which sentence A entails sentence B. A: Mark married a blonde heiress. B: Mark married a blonde. The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it’s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. act theory It’s an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. it’s a philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic munication. it aims to answer the question ”what do we do when using language?” The concept of causatives performatives, the locutionary act, the illocutionary act, the perlocutionary act and the5categories of illocutionary act suggested and formulated by constitute the speech act theory. Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable and it bearing the truthvalue.。 rather ,in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. It’s based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. her are two kinds of context: the situational and the linguistic context. It refers to the attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the” situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”. this theory somewhat close to conceptualism emphasizes on the psychological response. It’s concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It’s the collection of all the features of the linguistic form, it’s abstract and decontextualized. It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the nonlinguistic world of experience. It refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning or we can say that