【正文】 earer”. this theory somewhat close to conceptualism emphasizes on the psychological response. It’s concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It’s the collection of all the features of the linguistic form, it’s abstract and decontextualized. It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the nonlinguistic world of experience. It refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning or we can say that words are close in meaning are called synonyms. It refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. (形)異義Homonymy It refers to the phenomenon that words have different meanings have the same form, , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. It refers to two words are identical in sound. . rain/reign. It refers to two words are identical in form .. tear v./tear n. It refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. the word which is more general in meaning is called superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. It’s the term used for oppositeness of meaning on different dimension. Analysis分析詞匯抽象意義 It’s a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. this approach is based upon the belief that meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning ponents, called semantic features. Analysis 由British Linguist It’s a new approach for sentential meaning analysis. Predication is usually considered an important mon category shared by propositions, questions, mands ect. 通過對論元argument和謂語predicate的分析，達到對句子意義進行分析的許多模式中的一種。 most utterances take the form of sentences ,. most utterances are plete sentences In terms of syntax, some utterances are not, and some can’t even be restored to plete sentences the nature of language change All living languages change with change is not only universal and inevitable,but also systematic,extensive,ongoing,and change is a rulegoverned behavior,involving all ponents of the grammar. the major causes of language change Sound assimilation,Rule simplification and internal borrowing與語法變化有關 ⑴語音同化Sound assimilation Assimilative processes are phonological changes due to physiological also involves vowel nasalization and morphological and lexical changes. ⑵規(guī)則簡化Rule simplification It’s a type of spontaneous morphological rule change involves exceptional plural forms of same kind of analogic change is exemplified by the regularization of some borrowed words whose plural formation rule is different from the regular english. ⑶內(nèi)部借用Internal Borrowing It’s motivated by the need to lessen the burden on memory is called internal represents a continual readjustment of a language’s grammatical system as it develops from one state of equilibrium to another. ⑷規(guī)則細化 Elaboration It occurs when there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase municative clarity or expressiveness. ⑸社會因素Social triggers ⑹文化轉(zhuǎn)移Cultural transmission ⑺兒童語法接近成人語法Children’s approximation toward the adult grammar. A generally accepted view among language acquisition scholars is that children acquire their native language not through formal instrucation of grammatical rules, they often construct their personal information they hear. Franca和洋涇浜語Pidgin的區(qū)別 ⑴Pidgin is used for some practical purposes,such as trading,by groups of people who donot know each other’s Franca may have native speakers such as English, ⑵Pidgin is not a native language of a particular region,but simply a marginal language used by people whose cultures are sharply separated and whoes business contact is very specialized. to a specific area of the brain results in a speech production deficit. Wernicke在1874發(fā)表的論文假設there was more than one language area in the left brain. gyrus lies behind Wernicke’s area is crucial for the matching of a spoken form with a perceived object, for the naming of objects, for the prehension of written language and require connections between visual and speech organs. we listen,the word is heard and prehended via Wernicke’s area. critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about two to puberty. 定義?。?，推出了Cerebral plasticity. 17. 早期學者針對語言和思想的觀點 ⑴Plato suggested that thought was the soul’s discourse with itself. 柏拉圖認為語言和思想相互統(tǒng)一的。 is the nature of language change in historical linguistics? 語言的本質(zhì)在歷史語言學中的含義？ ⑴language change is inevitable. ⑵as a general rule, language change is universal, continuous,to a considerable degree, regular and systematic. ⑶language change is extensive, taking place in virtually all aspects of the grammar—in phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon and semantics. ⑷when language change is in progress, phonemes, morphemes, words, and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost, or altered, and meanwhile, the meaning of individual lexical items or strings of words may expand ,narrow,or shift. ’s the difference between the instrumental motivation and the integrative motivation of the learner’s?工具性與介入性學習動機的不同點？ ⑴usually, adults are motivated to learn a second language because of a municative need, they may learn a second language in order to use it functionally when they intend to use it as an instrument for the purpose. ⑵in certain situations an integrative motivation may be more powerful in facilitations may count for more. ⑶when the target language functions as a foreign language ,the learner is likely to benefit from an integrative motivation。whattheit‘sinsoundsintheygrammarandstudiesSemanticsIt‘sincontextdoisnouserefer.differentgoodit‘sconceptboundexample?aasdifferentdescriptive,mainlyislanguage.mainlyisunlesssuccessfullydescribeinenjoy