【正文】 so it39。 the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important. Speech and writing 口頭語與書面語Speech and writing are the two major media of munication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing。 Risefall tone三、問答題 are the three branches of phonetics? how do they contribute to the study of speech sound? Articulatory —describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. Auditory–studies the physical properties of speech sounds, reaches the important conclusion that phonetic identity is only a theoretical ideal. Acoustic–studies the physical properties of speech sounds ,the way sound travel from the speaker to the hearer. 發(fā)音語音學(xué)描述了我們的發(fā)音器官如何發(fā)出語音，以及這些語音為何有所不同。 Syntactic NPmovement=t’s involving the movement of a noun phrase. Movement 名詞短語的移位 WHmovement=It changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative. 陳述變疑問句 AUX…=the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence initial position. 助動詞移位到句首的移位 General Principles of Universal Grammar: Case Condition和Adjacency Condition 格條件a noun phrase must have Case and Case is assigned by V or P to the object position, or by AUX to the subject position. 名詞詞組必須有格，賓語的格是由動詞或介詞決定，而主語的格由助動詞決定。 Polysemy。這解釋了為什么任何別的詞組類不能插到動詞和它的直接賓語之間。 聲學(xué)語音學(xué)研究語音的物理性質(zhì)，研究語音從說話者到聽話者之間的傳播方式。 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of munication than the written. Langue and parole 語言和言語The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech munity, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics. Competence and performance 語言能力和語言運用Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.He defines petence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic munication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.Chapter Two Phonology一、定義 transcription The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. transcription The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vibration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds. Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. The sounds in the production of which no articulators e very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels. The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants. The basic unit in phonology, it’s a collection of distinctive phonetic features. Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. A phonetic unit or segment. it doesnot necessarily distinguish meaning, it’s a speech sound we use when speaking a language. pair When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stress ,intonation and tone. distribution P35 Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in plementary distribution. medium of language The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human munication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language. 在人類交際中有著一定意義、對語言學(xué)研究來說舉足輕重。 三、問答題 are major branches of linguistics? what does each study? Phoneticsit’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. Phonologythe study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. MorphologyIt’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Syntaxit39。新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程Chapter one Introduction 一、定義 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human munication. 語言是人類用來交際的任意性的有聲符號體系。s hardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once. 判斷題 drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used in 。 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form。 聽覺語音學(xué)研究語音的物理性質(zhì)，得出了重要結(jié)論，即語音同一只是理論上的理想。 相鄰條件—a case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other,it explains why no other phrasal category can intervene between a verb and its direct object. 格分派者和格接受者要相鄰。 homonymy 4. (1)Dialectal synonyms—synonyms used in different regional dialects Synonyms (2)Stylistic synonymsSynonyms differing in style 分類 (3)Synonyms that different in their emotive or evaluative meaning (4)Semantically different synonyms 例子： (1)Brit