【正文】 新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程Chapter one Introduction 一、定義 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human munication. 語言是人類用來交際的任意性的有聲符號體系。 Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of munication. 語言識別特征是指人類語言區(qū)別與其他任何動物的交際體系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多產(chǎn)性 Duality雙重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化傳遞 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic munication. 語言運(yùn)用是所掌握的規(guī)則在語言交際中的體現(xiàn)。 linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech munity. The realization of langue in actual use. It aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. 二、知識點(diǎn) is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 語言不是一種孤立的現(xiàn)象，而是人類在一定的社會環(huán)境下進(jìn)行的一種社會活動。 ： ⑴ Saussure Saussure:Langue和parole的區(qū)別 ⑵ linguist in1950針對Saussure’s langueamp。parole提出Competence和performance ⑶曾經(jīng)對語言概念下過定義的語言學(xué)家 Sapirlanguage is a purely human and noninstinctive method of munication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. Halllanguage is the institution whereby humans municate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oralauditory arbitrary symbols. Chomskyfrom now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. ⑷ Linguist Charles Hockett美國語言學(xué)家Charles Hockett 提出了語言的識別特征design features word ’language’ preceded by the zeroarticle ,it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language. Language一詞前不加冠詞說明語言學(xué)家不只研究一種特定的語言。 order to discover the nature of the underlying language system ,what the linguists has to do first if to study language facts. is a plicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so it39。s hardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once. 判斷題 drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used in 。 三、問答題 are major branches of linguistics? what does each study? Phoneticsit’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. Phonologythe study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. MorphologyIt’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Syntaxit39。s a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. SemanticsIt’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction. Pragmaticsthe study of meaning in context of words. Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguisticsthe study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguisticsthe application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. do we say language is arbitrary? Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it’s only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance. A typical example to illustrate the ‘a(chǎn)rbitrariness’ of language is ‘a(chǎn) rose by any other name would smell as sweet’. 3. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language ，其研究以確實可靠的、主要以口語形式的資料為基礎(chǔ)。 traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on’ high’ written language. 傳統(tǒng)語法是規(guī)定性的，研究‘高級’書面語。 modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the presentday language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view. 現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)主要是共時性的，重點(diǎn)研究現(xiàn)代語言。除非對語言的各種狀態(tài)都進(jìn)行成功的研究，否則很難從歷時性角度對語言進(jìn)行描述。 enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writings? Speech enjoys for the following reasons: ⑴Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution. ⑵A large amount of munication is carried out in speech than in writing. ⑶speech is the form in which infants acquire their native languag