【正文】 It’s a semantic relationship or logical connection. A presupposes B. Entailment can be illustrated by the following tow sentences in which sentence A entails sentence B. A: Mark married a blonde heiress. B: Mark married a blonde.二、知識點 views of meaning study: The naming Theory希臘Scholar Plato The conceptualism觀點代表人是John Firth,但Bloomfield闡述更有說服力 The Conceptualist viewOgden和Richards用classic semantic triangle of significance The Behaviorism英國Bloomfield提出，使用了Jack和 Jill故事闡明 The naming theory的局限性: ⑴It’s only applicable to Nouns only. ⑵Within the category of nouns, there are nouns which denote things that don’t exist in the real world. sense meaning reference Synonymy 。 simple sentence Types of sentences coordinate or pound sentence Complex sentence 簡單句It consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. 并列句合成句It contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as “but”, ”and”. ect. 復(fù)合句—It contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. 復(fù)合句的特點： ⑴An embedded clause functions as a grammatical unit in its matrix clause ⑵Most embedded clauses require an introductory word called a Subordinator, such as ”that” ⑶An embedded clause may not function as a grammatically wellformed sentence if it stands independently as a simple sentence unless its form changes. 子句是一個語法單位，大部分子句要帶一個被稱為從屬連詞的引導(dǎo)詞，如果子句作為秒年第秒年句單獨存在，它可能不是一個合乎規(guī)范的句子，除非改變他的形式。the obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge results in the sounds[t]and[d]. consonants: [m] / [n] / [η] 9. A Phone is a phonetic unit or segment. rules例子 If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the bination should obey the following three rules: ⑴the first phoneme must be /s/ ⑵the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/ ⑶the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w has four basic types of intonation:Falling tone。 modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the presentday language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view. 現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)主要是共時性的，重點研究現(xiàn)代語言。 linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech munity. The realization of langue in actual use. It aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. 二、知識點 is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 語言不是一種孤立的現(xiàn)象，而是人類在一定的社會環(huán)境下進行的一種社會活動。 ： ⑴ Saussure Saussure:Langue和parole的區(qū)別 ⑵ linguist in1950針對Saussure’s langueamp。除非對語言的各種狀態(tài)都進行成功的研究，否則很難從歷時性角度對語言進行描述。Rising tone。 a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. hierarchical nature of sentence structure句子結(jié)構(gòu)層次特點 sentences are organized with words of the same syntactic category, such as noun phrase NP or verb phrase VP, grouped together. points at which the tree braches at various levels are called Branching nodes分叉點 addition to the use of structural tree diagrams, linguists may show the hierarchical structure of sentences by using brackets and subscript labels. Major …主要詞類open ,can add new words Lexical category 名、動、形、副詞N,V,Adj,Adv Syntactic Minor… 次要詞類close, words are fixed Categories 限定、助動、介、代、連、嘆Det,Aux,Prep,Pron,Conj,Int Phrasal category Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word(called a lexical category) or a phrase(called phrasal category)that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject in a sentence. Noun Phrase NP Phrasal Verb Phrase VP Categories Preposition Phrase PP Adjective Phrase AP grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each moun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb, in many cases, grammatical relations refer virtually to ’who’ does ’what ’to ’whom’. usually refer to the grammatical relations as subject of and direct object of. rules must be small in number so as not to create extra burdens on the human memory. also these rules must be powerful enough to yield all the possible sentences, and rule out the impossible ones組合規(guī)則一定不能太多，以免給人的記憶帶來過多的負擔，用這些規(guī)則必須能組合出所有可能的句子，而排除不可能的句子。Antonymy。 rather ,in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. It’s based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. her are two kinds of context: the situational and the linguistic context. It refers to the attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the” situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”. this theory somewhat close to conceptualism emphasizes on the psychological response. It’s concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It’s the collection of all the features of the linguistic form, it’s abstract and decontextualized. It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the nonlinguistic world of experienc