【正文】 ollowing reasons: ⑴Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution. ⑵A large amount of munication is carried out in speech than in writing. ⑶speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language. is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s ? Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, petence is a property of the mind of each individual. distinction between langue and parole? ⑴langue is abstract, relatively stable ⑵parole is concrete, varies from person to person, from situation to situation. 1/ What is linguistics?什么是語言學(xué)？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 2/ The scope of linguistics語言學(xué)的研究范疇The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通語言學(xué))The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic munication, is called phonetics.（語音學(xué)）The study of how sounds are put together and used in munication is called phonology. （音系學(xué)）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形態(tài)學(xué)）The study of how morphemes and words are bined to form sentences is called syntax（句法學(xué)）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （語義學(xué)）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （語用學(xué)）The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. （社會語言學(xué)）The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycholinguistics. （心理語言學(xué)） The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generally known as applied linguistics. （應(yīng)用語言學(xué)） But in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second language. Other related branches include anthropological linguistics, （人類語言學(xué)） neurological linguistics, （神經(jīng)語言學(xué)） mathematical linguistics, （數(shù)字語言學(xué)）and putational linguistics. （計算機語言學(xué)） 3/ Some important distinctions in linguistics語言學(xué)研究中的幾對基本概念Prescriptive and descriptive 規(guī)定與描寫If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is “correct” or not. Synchronic and diachronic 共時和歷時The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多產(chǎn)性 Duality雙重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化傳遞 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic munication. 語言運用是所掌握的規(guī)則在語言交際中的體現(xiàn)。 When a obstruction created by the speech organs is total or plete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive. they are[b] [p] [t] [d] [k] [g] 二、知識點 resulting from careful investigations show that there have been over5,000languages in the world, about two thirds of which have not had written form. 2. of the two media of language,speech is more basic than writing. 組成 ⑴Articulatory phonetics 發(fā)音語音學(xué)longest established, mostly developed ⑵Auditory phonetics 聽覺語音學(xué) ⑶Acoustic phonetics 聲學(xué)語音學(xué) /Organs of Speech Pharyngeal cavity– 咽腔 Oral ...– 口腔greatest source of modification of air stream found here Nasal …– 鼻腔 tongue is the most flexible, responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other, the extreme back of the tongue can be raised towards the uvula and a speech sound can be thus produced as is used in Arabic and French. between the back of the tongue and the velar area results in the pronunciation of[k] and[g],the narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of the tongue leads to the sound[j]。 rather ,in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. It’s based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. her are two kinds of context: the situational and the linguistic context. It refers to the attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the” situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”. this theory somewhat close to conceptualism emphasizes on the psychological response. It’s concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It’s the collection of all the features of the linguistic form, it’s abstract a