【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 nication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language. 在人類交際中有著一定意義、對語言學(xué)研究來說舉足輕重。有限的聲音是語音媒介。 When a obstruction created by the speech organs is total or plete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive. they are[b] [p] [t] [d] [k] [g] 二、知識點(diǎn) resulting from careful investigations show that there have been over5,000languages in the world, about two thirds of which have not had written form. 2. of the two media of language,speech is more basic than writing. 組成 ⑴Articulatory phonetics 發(fā)音語音學(xué)longest established, mostly developed ⑵Auditory phonetics 聽覺語音學(xué) ⑶Acoustic phonetics 聲學(xué)語音學(xué) /Organs of Speech Pharyngeal cavity– 咽腔 Oral ...– 口腔greatest source of modification of air stream found here Nasal …– 鼻腔 tongue is the most flexible, responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other, the extreme back of the tongue can be raised towards the uvula and a speech sound can be thus produced as is used in Arabic and French. between the back of the tongue and the velar area results in the pronunciation of[k] and[g],the narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of the tongue leads to the sound[j]。the obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge results in the sounds[t]and[d]. consonants: [m] / [n] / [η] 9. A Phone is a phonetic unit or segment. rules例子 If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the bination should obey the following three rules: ⑴the first phoneme must be /s/ ⑵the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/ ⑶the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w has four basic types of intonation:Falling tone。Rising tone。Fallrise tone。 Risefall tone三、問答題 are the three branches of phonetics? how do they contribute to the study of speech sound? Articulatory —describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. Auditory–studies the physical properties of speech sounds, reaches the important conclusion that phonetic identity is only a theoretical ideal. Acoustic–studies the physical properties of speech sounds ,the way sound travel from the speaker to the hearer. 發(fā)音語音學(xué)描述了我們的發(fā)音器官如何發(fā)出語音，以及這些語音為何有所不同。 聽覺語音學(xué)研究語音的物理性質(zhì)，得出了重要結(jié)論，即語音同一只是理論上的理想。 聲學(xué)語音學(xué)研究語音的物理性質(zhì)，研究語音從說話者到聽話者之間的傳播方式。 are the English consonants classified? By place of articulation and By manner of articulation do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? who do you think will be more interested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist? why? 語音學(xué)和音位學(xué)的研究中心有何不同?語音學(xué)家和音位學(xué)家哪一個更關(guān)心清晰音的區(qū)別?為什么? Phonetics —description of all speech sounds and their find differences. Phonology —description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning. A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences in meaning. ’s a phone? how is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme? Phone—a speech sound ,a phonetic unit. Phonemea collection of abstract sound features, a phonological unit. Allophonesactual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts. is a minimal pair and a minimal set? why is it important to identify the minimal set in a language?為什么區(qū)分最小對立組在一種語言中非常重要? Minimal pair—two sound binations identical in every way except in one sound element that occurs in the same position. 除了出現(xiàn)在同一位置的一個語音成分不同外,其他部分都一樣的兩個語音組合. Minimal set—a group of sound binations with the above feature. 一組具有上述特征的語音組合. By identifying the minimal pair or the minimal set of a language, a philologist can identify its phonemes. 通過分析一種語言的最小對立對或最小對立組,音位學(xué)家能辨別出它的音位. with examples how broad transcription and narrow one transcription differ? Broad transcription—one letter symbol for one sound. Narrow transcription—diacritics are added to the oneletter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds. the sequential rule ,the assimilation rule and the deletion rule. 有序規(guī)則Sequential rules Rules that govern the bination of sounds in a particular language. 同化規(guī)則Assimilation rules The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by’ copying ’a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. 省略規(guī)則Deletion rule It’s a phonological rule which tells us when a sound is to be deleted although its orthographically represented.Chapter Three Morphology一、定義 The basic unit in the study of morphology and the smallest meaningful unit of language. Morpheme Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. morphemes Bound morphemes are these morphemes that canot be used by themselves, must be bined with other morphemes to form words that can be used independently. Root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. The collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. affixes The manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, tense, degree and case. affixes The manifestation of relation between stems and affixes through the addition of derivational affixes. A stem is the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. a stem can be a bound root ,a free morpheme, or a derived form itself. rules They are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem ,but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word, exceptions are the prefixes ‘be‘ and ‘en(m)‘ Suffixes are added to the end of stems, they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases