【正文】 without a hyphen in between. ⑵Syntactically, the part of speech of a pound is determined by the last element. ⑶semantically, the meaning of a pound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its ponent Chapter Four Syntax一、定義 A structurally independent unit that usually prises a number of words to form a plete statement, question or mand. petence The system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker. The part of a sentence which prises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called predicate. Clause A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone. Clause (E C) In a plete sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an E C . Clause In a plexed sentence, the clause into which it is embedded is called a matrix clause. structure The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent, such as NP and VP. relations The structural and logical functional relations between every noun phrase and sentence. category A word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function such as the subject or object. A level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement. A level of syntactic representation before the operation of necessary syntactic movement. grammar A system of linguistic knowledge which consists of some general principles and parameters about nature language. 規(guī)則Move α A general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. movement Syntactic movement occurs when a constituent moves out of its original place to a new position. rules Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. theory A general and highly abstract schema that collapses all phrases structure rules into a single format :X”→（Spec）X(Compl). 一種泛指的、高度抽象的圖示，它把所有的詞組結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則概括為一種程式 X”→（Spec）X(Compl) a: X” b: X” Spec X’ Spec X’ X’ X pl X plement NP ’the student who likes linguistics’ consists of Det, N and S with Det being the Specifier ,N the head, S the plement. NP(…)有冠詞、名詞和子句組成，冠詞是指示語，名詞是核心詞，子句是補足語。 simple sentence Types of sentences coordinate or pound sentence Complex sentence 簡單句It consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. 并列句合成句It contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as “but”, ”and”. ect. 復(fù)合句—It contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. 復(fù)合句的特點： ⑴An embedded clause functions as a grammatical unit in its matrix clause ⑵Most embedded clauses require an introductory word called a Subordinator, such as ”that” ⑶An embedded clause may not function as a grammatically wellformed sentence if it stands independently as a simple sentence unless its form changes. 子句是一個語法單位，大部分子句要帶一個被稱為從屬連詞的引導(dǎo)詞，如果子句作為秒年第秒年句單獨存在，它可能不是一個合乎規(guī)范的句子，除非改變他的形式。 an generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properties. It captures the ability of language to generate more constituents to a sentence and enables speakers to repeat syntactic constituents within the same sentence. 循環(huán)性體現(xiàn)了語言中的句子能有更多的成分，使說話者能在同一句子中重復(fù)一些句法成分。 相鄰條件—a case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other,it explains why no other phrasal category can intervene between a verb and its direct object. 格分派者和格接受者要相鄰。 Grammar is believed to contain a parameter with the valves增and減set on the Adjacency condition. with Englishtype languages, the Adjacency Parameter is set to the增 value, while for Frenchtype language, the parameter is set to減value. 三、問答題 the appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences. ⑴the tower on the hill collapsed in the wind ⑵Mary promised John to see the doctor.Chapter 5 Semantics 一、定義 naming theory The naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also a very primitive one was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words,the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for, so words are just names or labels for things. conceptualist view It holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to。 It’s a semantic relationship or logical connection. A presupposes B. Entailment can be illustrated by the following tow sentences in which sentence A entails sentence B. A: Mark married a blonde heiress. B: Mark married a blonde.二、知識點 views of meaning study: The naming Theory希臘Scholar Plato The conceptualism觀點代表人是John Firth,但Bloomfield闡述更有說服力 The Conceptualist viewOgden和Richards用classic semantic triangle of significance The Behaviorism英國Bloomfield提出，使用了Jack和 Jill故事闡明 The naming theory的局限性: ⑴It’s only applicable to Nouns only. ⑵Within the category of nouns, there are nouns which denote things that don’t exist in the real world. sense meaning reference Synonymy 。 Hyponymy。 homonymy 4. (1)Dialectal synonyms—synonyms used in different regional dialects Synonyms (2)Stylistic synonymsSynonyms differing in style 分類 (3)Synonyms that different in their emotive or evaluative meaning (4)Semantically different synonyms 例子： (1)Brit