【正文】 e. It refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning or we can say that words are close in meaning are called synonyms. It refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. (形)異義Homonymy It refers to the phenomenon that words have different meanings have the same form, , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. It refers to two words are identical in sound. . rain/reign. It refers to two words are identical in form .. tear v./tear n. It refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. the word which is more general in meaning is called superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. It’s the term used for oppositeness of meaning on different dimension. Analysis分析詞匯抽象意義 It’s a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. this approach is based upon the belief that meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning ponents, called semantic features. Analysis 由British Linguist It’s a new approach for sentential meaning analysis. Predication is usually considered an important mon category shared by propositions, questions, mands ect. 通過(guò)對(duì)論元argument和謂語(yǔ)predicate的分析，達(dá)到對(duì)句子意義進(jìn)行分析的許多模式中的一種。二、知識(shí)點(diǎn) ,本義是arrangement. a system of rules that govern the formation of grammatical sentence. major goal of linguistics is to show with a consistent and explicit grammatical theory how syntactic rules account for this grammatical knowledge. ：the syntactic rules of any language are finite in number ,and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and prehend. :A finite verb, informally called the main verb of a sentence, expresses existence, action or occurrence which is limited by person, number, tense and mood. 一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞被非正式稱為句中主要?jiǎng)釉~，表達(dá)了人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣限定的存在、行動(dòng)或事件。 When a obstruction created by the speech organs is total or plete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive. they are[b] [p] [t] [d] [k] [g] 二、知識(shí)點(diǎn) resulting from careful investigations show that there have been over5,000languages in the world, about two thirds of which have not had written form. 2. of the two media of language,speech is more basic than writing. 組成 ⑴Articulatory phonetics 發(fā)音語(yǔ)音學(xué)longest established, mostly developed ⑵Auditory phonetics 聽(tīng)覺(jué)語(yǔ)音學(xué) ⑶Acoustic phonetics 聲學(xué)語(yǔ)音學(xué) /Organs of Speech Pharyngeal cavity– 咽腔 Oral ...– 口腔greatest source of modification of air stream found here Nasal …– 鼻腔 tongue is the most flexible, responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other, the extreme back of the tongue can be raised towards the uvula and a speech sound can be thus produced as is used in Arabic and French. between the back of the tongue and the velar area results in the pronunciation of[k] and[g],the narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of the tongue leads to the sound[j]。 traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on’ high’ written language. 傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法是規(guī)定性的，研究‘高級(jí)’書(shū)面語(yǔ)。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多產(chǎn)性 Duality雙重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化傳遞 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic munication. 語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用是所掌握的規(guī)則在語(yǔ)言交際中的體現(xiàn)。parole提出Competence和performance ⑶曾經(jīng)對(duì)語(yǔ)言概念下過(guò)定義的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家 Sapirlanguage is a purely human and noninstinctive method of munication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. Halllanguage is the institution whereby humans municate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oralauditory arbitrary symbols. Chomskyfrom now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. ⑷ Linguist Charles Hockett美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Charles Hockett 提出了語(yǔ)言的識(shí)別特征design features word ’language’ preceded by the zeroarticle ,it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language. Language一詞前不加冠詞說(shuō)明語(yǔ)言學(xué)家不只研究一種特定的語(yǔ)言。 enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writings? Speech enjoys for the following reasons: ⑴Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution. ⑵A large amount of munication is carried out in speech than in writing. ⑶speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language. is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s ? Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, petence is a property of the mind of each individual. distinction between langue and parole? ⑴langue is abstract, relatively stable ⑵parole is concrete, varies from perso