【正文】 phonology. （音系學(xué)）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形態(tài)學(xué)）The study of how morphemes and words are bined to form sentences is called syntax（句法學(xué)）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （語(yǔ)義學(xué)）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （語(yǔ)用學(xué)）The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. （社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)）The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycholinguistics. （心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)） transcription The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. transcription The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vibration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds. Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. The sounds in the production of which no articulators e very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels. The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants. The basic unit in phonology, it’s a collection of distinctive phonetic features. Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. A phonetic unit or segment. it doesnot necessarily distinguish meaning, it’s a speech sound we use when speaking a language. pair When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stress ,intonation and tone. distribution P35 Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in plementary distribution. medium of language The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human munication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language. When a obstruction created by the speech organs is total or plete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive. they are[b] [p] [t] [d] [k] [g] The basic unit in the study of morphology and the smallest meaningful unit of language. Morpheme Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. morphemes Bound morphemes are these morphemes that canot be used by themselves, must be bined with other morphemes to form words that can be used independently. Root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. The collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. affixes The manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, tense, degree and case. affixes The manifestation of relation between stems and affixes through the addition of derivational affixes. A stem is the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. a stem can be a bound root ,a free morpheme, or a derived form itself. rules They are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem ,but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word, exceptions are the prefixes ‘be‘ and ‘en(m)‘ Suffixes are added to the end of stems, they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech. using the morphological rules, we must guard against Overgeneralization. A structurally independent unit that usually prises a number of words to form a plete statement, question or mand. petence The system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker. The part of a sentence which prises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called predicate. Clause A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone. Clause (E C) In a plete sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an E C . Clause In a plexed sentence, the clause into which it is embedded is called a matrix clause. structure The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent, such as NP and VP. relations The structural and logical functional relations between every noun phrase and sentence. category A word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function such as the subject or object. A level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement. A level of syntactic representation before the operation of necessary syntactic movement. grammar A system of linguistic knowledge which consists of some general principles and parameters about nature language. 規(guī)則Move α A general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. movement Syntactic movement occurs when a constituent moves out of its original place to a new position. rules Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. theory A general and highly abstract schema that collapses all phrases structure rules into a single format :X”→（Spec）X(Compl). naming theory The naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also a very primitive one was propose