【正文】 e. is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s ? Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, petence is a property of the mind of each individual. distinction between langue and parole? ⑴langue is abstract, relatively stable ⑵parole is concrete, varies from person to person, from situation to situation. 1/ What is linguistics?什么是語言學(xué)？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 2/ The scope of linguistics語言學(xué)的研究范疇The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通語言學(xué))The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic munication, is called phonetics.（語音學(xué)）The study of how sounds are put together and used in munication is called phonology. （音系學(xué)）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形態(tài)學(xué)）The study of how morphemes and words are bined to form sentences is called syntax（句法學(xué)）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （語義學(xué)）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （語用學(xué)）The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. （社會(huì)語言學(xué)）The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycholinguistics. （心理語言學(xué)） The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generally known as applied linguistics. （應(yīng)用語言學(xué)） But in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second language. Other related branches include anthropological linguistics, （人類語言學(xué)） neurological linguistics, （神經(jīng)語言學(xué)） mathematical linguistics, （數(shù)字語言學(xué)）and putational linguistics. （計(jì)算機(jī)語言學(xué)） 3/ Some important distinctions in linguistics語言學(xué)研究中的幾對(duì)基本概念Prescriptive and descriptive 規(guī)定與描寫If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is “correct” or not. Synchronic and diachronic 共時(shí)和歷時(shí)The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study。 the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important. Speech and writing 口頭語與書面語Speech and writing are the two major media of munication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing。 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form。 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of munication than the written. Langue and parole 語言和言語The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech munity, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics. Competence and performance 語言能力和語言運(yùn)用Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.He defines petence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic munication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.Chapter Two Phonology一、定義 transcription The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. transcription The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vibration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds. Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. The sounds in the production of which no articulators e very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels. The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants. The basic unit in phonology, it’s a collection of distinctive phonetic features. Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. A phonetic unit or segment. it doesnot necessarily distinguish meaning, it’s a speech sound we use when speaking a language. pair When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stress ,intonation and tone. distribution P35 Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in plementary distribution. medium of language The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human mu