【正文】 相鄰條件—a case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other,it explains why no other phrasal category can intervene between a verb and its direct object. 格分派者和格接受者要相鄰。 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form。新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程Chapter one Introduction 一、定義 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human munication. 語(yǔ)言是人類用來(lái)交際的任意性的有聲符號(hào)體系。 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of munication than the written. Langue and parole 語(yǔ)言和言語(yǔ)The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech munity, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics. Competence and performance 語(yǔ)言能力和語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.He defines petence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic munication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.Chapter Two Phonology一、定義 transcription The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. transcription The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vibration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds. Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. The sounds in the production of which no articulators e very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels. The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants. The basic unit in phonology, it’s a collection of distinctive phonetic features. Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. A phonetic unit or segment. it doesnot necessarily distinguish meaning, it’s a speech sound we use when speaking a language. pair When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stress ,intonation and tone. distribution P35 Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in plementary distribution. medium of language The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human munication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language. 在人類交際中有著一定意義、對(duì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究來(lái)說(shuō)舉足輕重。這解釋了為什么任何別的詞組類不能插到動(dòng)詞和它的直接賓語(yǔ)之間。 Syntactic NPmovement=t’s involving the movement of a noun phrase. Movement 名詞短語(yǔ)的移位 WHmovement=It changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative. 陳述變疑問(wèn)句 AUX…=the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence initial position. 助動(dòng)詞移位到句首的移位 General Principles of Universal Grammar: Case Condition和Adjacency Condition 格條件a noun phrase must have Case and Case is assigned by V or P to the object position, or by AUX to the subject position. 名詞詞組必須有格，賓語(yǔ)的格是由動(dòng)詞或介詞決定，而主語(yǔ)的格由助動(dòng)詞決定。 the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important. Speech and writing 口頭語(yǔ)與書面語(yǔ)Speech and writing are the two major media of munication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing。 Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of munication. 語(yǔ)言識(shí)別特征是指人類語(yǔ)言區(qū)別與其他任何動(dòng)物的交際體系的限定性特征。有限的聲音是語(yǔ)音媒介。 Grammar is believed to contain a parameter with the valves增and減set on the Adjacency condition. with Englishtype languages, the Adjacency Parameter is set to the增 value, while for Frenchtype language, the parameter is set to減value. 三、問(wèn)答題 the appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences. ⑴the tower on the hill collapsed in the wind ⑵Mary promised John to see the doctor.Chapter 5 Semantics 一、定義 naming theory The naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also a very primitive one was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words,the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for, so words are just names or labels for things. conceptualist view It holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to。 an generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properties. It captures the ability of language to generate more constituents to a sentence and enables speakers to repeat syntactic constituents within the same sentence. 循環(huán)性體現(xiàn)了語(yǔ)言中的句子能有更多的成分，使說(shuō)話者能在同一句子中重復(fù)一些句法成分。 enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writings? Speech enjoys for the f