【正文】 tement, question or mand. petence The system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker. The part of a sentence which prises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called predicate. Clause A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone. Clause (E C) In a plete sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an E C . Clause In a plexed sentence, the clause into which it is embedded is called a matrix clause. structure The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent, such as NP and VP. relations The structural and logical functional relations between every noun phrase and sentence. category A word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function such as the subject or object. A level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement. A level of syntactic representation before the operation of necessary syntactic movement. grammar A system of linguistic knowledge which consists of some general principles and parameters about nature language. 規(guī)則Move α A general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. movement Syntactic movement occurs when a constituent moves out of its original place to a new position. rules Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. theory A general and highly abstract schema that collapses all phrases structure rules into a single format :X”→（Spec）X(Compl). 一種泛指的、高度抽象的圖示，它把所有的詞組結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則概括為一種程式 X”→（Spec）X(Compl) a: X” b: X” Spec X’ Spec X’ X’ X pl X plement NP ’the student who likes linguistics’ consists of Det, N and S with Det being the Specifier ,N the head, S the plement. NP(…)有冠詞、名詞和子句組成，冠詞是指示語，名詞是核心詞，子句是補(bǔ)足語。Fallrise tone。有限的聲音是語音媒介。 enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writings? Speech enjoys for the following reasons: ⑴Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution. ⑵A large amount of munication is carried out in speech than in writing. ⑶speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language. is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s ? Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, petence is a property of the mind of each individual. distinction between langue and parole? ⑴langue is abstract, relatively stable ⑵parole is concrete, varies from person to person, from situation to situation. 1/ What is linguistics?什么是語言學(xué)？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 2/ The scope of linguistics語言學(xué)的研究范疇The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通語言學(xué))The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic munication, is called phonetics.（語音學(xué)）The study of how sounds are put together and used in munication is called phonology. （音系學(xué)）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形態(tài)學(xué)）The study of how morphemes and words are bined to form sentences is called syntax（句法學(xué)）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （語義學(xué)）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （語用學(xué)）The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. （社會(huì)語言學(xué)）The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycholinguistics. （心理語言學(xué)） The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generally known as applied linguistics. （應(yīng)用語言學(xué)） But in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second language. Other related branches include anthropological linguistics, （人類語言學(xué)） neurological linguistics, （神經(jīng)語言學(xué)） mathematical linguistics, （數(shù)字語言學(xué)）and putational linguistics. （計(jì)算機(jī)語言學(xué)） 3/ Some important distinctions in linguistics語言學(xué)研究中的幾對(duì)基本概念Prescriptive and descriptive 規(guī)定與描寫If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is “correct” or not. Synchronic and diachronic 共時(shí)和歷時(shí)The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study。s a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. SemanticsIt’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction. Pragmaticsthe study of meaning in context of words. Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguisticsthe study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguisticsthe application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. do we say language is arbitrary? Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. The fact that different languages have different