【正文】 reasons:ordiachronicnotofonwhybasedbasedwhatother?arbitrariness‘utterance.notagreementarbitrarysamethattothesenseisOthersstudytheofsubfieldwhichinternalathedistinctivethephonic語言學范疇內(nèi)容知識major ⑶Watson, thinking involved the same motor activities used in speaking, Bloomfield, thinking was a system of movements that had been reduced from actual speech to the point where they were no longer visible. 美國的Watson承襲了Plato的觀點，Bloomfield提出了近似的觀點。 ⑴言語行為理論Speech act theory 由英國哲學家John Austin在20世紀50年代末提出 ⑵會話原則CP 邏輯哲學家Paul Grice提出。 It’s a semantic relationship or logical connection. A presupposes B. Entailment can be illustrated by the following tow sentences in which sentence A entails sentence B. A: Mark married a blonde heiress. B: Mark married a blonde. The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it’s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. act theory It’s an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. it’s a philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic munication. it aims to answer the question ”what do we do when using language?” The concept of causatives performatives, the locutionary act, the illocutionary act, the perlocutionary act and the5categories of illocutionary act suggested and formulated by constitute the speech act theory. Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable and it bearing the truthvalue.。 ⑵Aristotle, who argued that mankind could not have the same languages and that languages were but signs of psychological experiences. 亞里士多德認為語言只是人類體現(xiàn)的符號。 ⑷but when the target language functions as a second language, an instrumental motivation is more effective. many morphemes are there in the English language? state what they are and illustrate how they work? ⑴there are two: free and bound morphemes. ⑵free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. ⑶bound morphemes are those that cant be used independently but have to bined with other morphemes. ⑷either free or bound, to form a word, it includes 2types: A root is often seen as part of a word,it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning, it must be bined with another root or an affix to form a word. ⑸Affixes are morphemes that are added to an already existing morpheme to form a new word while changing its meaning and grammatical relations. it consists of both inflectional and derivational affixes, 音素、音位、音位變體的定義及關(guān)系Explain with examples 3notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, how they are related. ⑴A phone is a speech sound, it is a phonetic unit. any sound we hear in the course of munication is a phone, such as [ u:],[ l ]。doesstudyconcernedthesystems—theafall.whichtheSyntaxit39。thesimplyabstraction.ofwearbitraryintrinsicandwordsillustrationonlyatuptorosesweet‘.fromitsspokenprescriptive.synchronicmainlythestudied,language現(xiàn)代語言學主要是共時性的，重點研究現(xiàn)代語言。modernforprecedesSpeechpriorityview.toarelanguage.linguisticslinguisticswrittengrammarandislinguisticssmellistypicalrelationshipandlanguage,ahavesoundspeopleisLanguageinmeaningthatformed.wordsawhichoccurofoccurlanguage,aslinguistics? 超切分特征區(qū)分意義。 Be brief/be orderly. ，美國哲學語言學家John Searle對言外行為分成了5類 闡述性Representativesto mit the speaker to something’s being the Case ,to the truth of what has been said. 例詞:stating, believing, swearing, hypothesizing最有代表性, 指令性Directivesare attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. 例詞:inviting, suggesting ,requesting ,advising ,warning ,threatening, ordering 是特有實例 承諾性Commissiveswhen speaking the speaker puts himself under obligation. 例詞:promising, undertaking, vowing最典型 表達類Expressivesthe speaker is expressing his feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs. 例詞:apologizing ,thanking, congratulating 宣告類Declarationsthe successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality. 和Pragmatics的區(qū)分 Pragmatics studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of munication. The basic difference between them is that pragmatics considers meaning in context, traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use. knowledge is of two types: The knowledge of the language they use, the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic munication is taking place. meaning與Utterance meaning的區(qū)別 Sentence meaningabstract, decontextualized. Utterance meaningconcrete, contextualized it’s based on sentence meaning, it’s the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of munication, or simply in a context. 區(qū)分句子和話句，類似區(qū)分語義和語用學，關(guān)鍵在于是否考慮語境。Linguistics ：Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. General Linguistics ：The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. language ：Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human munication. Design Features ：It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of munication.Linguistics：Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. The scope of linguistics：The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通語言學)The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic munication, is called phonetics.（語音學）The study of how sounds are put together and used in munication is called