【正文】
et in the jawbone 牙槽顎骨處的牙床 10) the teeth: 牙齒 11) the lips: 上下唇 12) blade of tongue: 舌面 13) back of tongue: 舌根 14) pharyngeal cavity: 咽腔 15) nasal cavity: 鼻腔 16) velar: Articulated with the back of the tongue touching or near the soft palate, as (g) in good and (k) in ,如在 good中的(g)以及在 cup中的(k) 17) the tip of the tongue: 舌尖 18) the upper front teeth: 上齒 19) the roof of the mouth: 上顎 20) the lower lip: 下唇 音標(biāo)……寬式和嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音法 International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) The vowels (monophthongs and diphthongs) 元音(單元音amp。s play Romeo and Juliet: A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.) Language is used for human munication Design features of language 語言的甄別特征 American linguist Charles Hockett specified 12 design features: 1) arbitrariness 武斷性 2) productivity 創(chuàng)造性 3) duality 二重性 4) displacement移位性 5) cultural transmission 文化傳遞性二、音系學(xué) 語言的聲音媒介 什么是語音學(xué) 發(fā)音器官 音標(biāo)……寬式和嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音法 英語語音的分類 音系學(xué)和語音學(xué) 語音、音位、音位變體 音位對立、互補(bǔ)分部、最小對立 幾條音系規(guī)則 超切分特征 Two major media of munication: speech and writing The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human munication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language. 用于人類語言交際的聲音稱為語音,這些數(shù)目有限的一組語音構(gòu)成了語言的聲音媒介。 The scope of linguistics 語言學(xué)研究的范疇 Phonetics語音學(xué)\Phonology音系學(xué)\Morphology形態(tài)學(xué)\Syntax句法學(xué)\Semantics語義學(xué)\Pragmatics語用學(xué)\Sociolinguistics社會語言學(xué)\Psycholinguistics心理語言學(xué)\Applied linguistics應(yīng)用語言學(xué) Prescriptive vs. descriptive 規(guī)定性與描述性 Descriptive:a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. Prescriptive: it aims lay down rules for correct behavior. Modern linguistics is descriptive。語言學(xué)所要研究的不是某一種特定的語言,而是人類所有語言的特性。 knowledge of the rules of his language Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic munication What is language? 什么是語言? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human munication Characteristics of language: 語言的特性 Language is a rulegoverned system Language is basically vocal Language is arbitrary (the fact different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This conventional nature of language is