【正文】 it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon,and .,the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and act: the act performed in saying something。 are instances of relational : a relation between tow words,in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym): the upper term in hyponymy, class superordinate usually has several animal,for example,there are cats,dogs,pigs,etc, ponent: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values, : a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are restriction:semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a particular lexical item can take, requires a human logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential calculus,is the study of the truth conditions for propositions:how the truth of a posite propositions and the connection between 。and also for getting things done,by means of the interaction between one person and another.. function: the use of language the provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical,cognitive,or denotative : the core sense of a word or a phrade that relates it to phenomena in the real : a term in a contrast with denotation,meaning the properties of the entity a word : the use of language to express a propostion,meaning the properties of the entity a word : the use of anguage to express a proposition, talk about things in : the literal meaning of a word or an expression,independent of situational : is the technical name for the sameness antonymy: members of a pair in plementary antonymy are plementary to each field pletely,such as male,female, antongymy: members of this kind are gradable,such as long:short,big。the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription。while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow ． Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or pletely shut off the flow of air in the oral ． Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular ． Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme( an allophone of /t/in /t/occurs in words like step,it is are allophones of the phoneme/t/.27． Vowl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be ． Manner of articulation。small,fat。what is talk about in an utterance,that part of the speech act which has to do with logic: also predicate calculus,which studies the internal structure of theory: language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the saaumes a ―recognition lexicon‖in which each word is represented by a full and independent‖recognistion element‖.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal,all elements matching it are fully acticated,and,as more of the signal is received,the system tries to match it independently with each of them,Wherever it fails the element is deactivated。its force is identical with the speaker’s act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something,it’s the consequence of,or the change brought about by the implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances,underatandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative :relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other:.‖Mary is running‖entails,among other things,‖Mary is not standing still‖. munication: a plete characterization of munication is that it is principle of relevance:every act of ostensive munication municates the presumption of its own optimal : a property that any utterance,or a proposition that it municates,must,in the nature of munication,necessarily。one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we try to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking linguistics: a branch of linguistics,which studies the relationship between speakers’social starts and phonological : an utterance by which a speaker does something does something,as apposed to a constative,by which makes a statement which may be true or : an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or act: the act of saying something。sell,lend,borrow,above,below, opposites:converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles,kinship relations,temporal and spatial are always two entities presupposes the shorter,better。any of the different form of a example,in English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in ,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural : any morpheme or bination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to, plural morpheme in ―dog’s‖. morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent :A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(.‖dog in the manger‖): a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and : a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many : a relatively plex form of pounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first