【正文】 stions in advance and think of keywords you are looking for ? What do you hope/expect to find? ? Note down these questions amp。 main hypothesis。 interpretations 14 Effective reading for science ? From this table, it is clear that a careful preliminary reading of the abstract, introduction and discussion would prepare the reader ? Following this with a skimscanread for detail approach may now be effective 15 Effective reading for science ? with abstracts ? The abstract is a crucial aspect of any scientific paper ? Within the scientific munity, the abstract alone is often used to evaluate and utilise texts within a research field ? Re Final Year Projects, “This section should be as concise as possible…, and should include everything that you particularly want the reader to know. The problem should be stated, and the main findings and conclusions should be included in the same order as in the report.” (1) . the abstract encapsulates the whole ?argument? of the text ? Given the nature of an abstract, it?s clear that a quick – but careful – preliminary reading of the abstract alone will allow for successful reading of the whole paper 16 Effective reading for science ? It?s possible to take an even more strategic approach to using abstracts ? Isolate each statement in the abstract ? Perhaps use colour/highlighter to identify them? ? Match these against the whole paper, identifying which section of the text relates to each part of the abstract ? For example, you can colourcode paragraphs to show which part of the abstract they relate to 17 Effective reading for science ? 3. Reading strategically headings amp。 evaluation of the topic sentence ? c. Evidence that supports the explanation and evaluation ? As you read each paragraph, try and place the information into these three areas 19 Paragraph activity ? Lloyd, D and Hanawalt, (2022) ? Look at sample paragraph ? Repeat process for following paragraph 20 Critical reading ? It is always important to take a (constructively) critical stance to all your reading ? You should always expect papers and texts to conform to the principles of academic integrity ? Hypotheses should always be properly tested。 projects。 websites, where it can be ?found?, . URL, or place of publication/publisher 30 Common knowledge ? Common knowledge = generic information that is widely understood to be true ? It is not part of a specific academic/scientific argument or hypothesis ? Though it may form some of the underlying principles ? Common knowledge does not need referencing in the same way a source does ? Don?t confuse mon knowledge with sources 31 Common knowledge Examples ? The Battle of Hastings took place in 1066… ? But a scholarly account of the oute of this battle, and the consequences for 11th Century Britain, is not mon knowledge…it would be a referenced source 32 Common knowledge Examples cont.: ? The Periodic Table ? But a discussion of Mendeleevs?s work and significance is not mon knowledge…it would be a referenced source ? The Matrigel Invasion Assay as a widely used protocol in Cell Biology ? But an account of how this protocol had been modified for a particular process is not mon knowledge…it would be a referenced source 33 The evidential approach to academic writing ? If you provide this information, and show where you use sources in your writing, you show that: ? All sources used can be accurately traced by another scholar ? They can ?followup? your argument ? You have achieved transparency and honesty ? You demonstrate your work is your own work ? You demonstrate your sources are used properly 34 Further reasons for “attributing and acknowledging your sources” (2) ? Effective use of sources structures your argument ? You fulfil assessment criteria and maximise your grade ? You demonstrate the breadth and relevance of your reading and research ? Marking criteria for Essay and Written Assignments (3, 4) ? 70100% (Excellent) iv Shows evidence of having read relevant literature and is able to use this effectively. Accurate citing of references. 35 Further reasons for “attributing and ack