【正文】 ised vocabulary may be difficult to read quickly ? There are further anticipatory processes that can be tried in advance of, or as an alternative to, skimscanread for detail 9 Effective reading for science ? in context ? Scientific papers tend to follow a standardised structure ? There may be some variation within this for some sections ? . the extent and position of acknowledgements within the paper ? But the core sections are usually as follows 10 Effective reading for science ? The main structure of scientific papers: ? Abstract ? Introduction ? Literature Review ? Materials and Methods ? Results ? Discussion 11 Effective reading for science ? In your reading, you can work with the kind of information you will find in each section ? Anticipating the type of ?discussion? in each section allows you to read for context, and read more effectively ? In short, you ?know? what you are looking for 12 Effective reading for science Section Context Abstract Global view of textconcise summary Introduction Key aims of research。 use these processes ? Failure to do so can result in plagiarism! 37 Plagiarism ? “ Plagiarism is defined as the act of reproducing the ideas, discoveries and written work of others and passing them off as one?s own” (1,3,4) ? Plagiarism is a form of academic dishonesty, therefore ? Plagiarism can involve significant amounts of material: ? Whole passages from other writing that are ?passed off? as your own ? Tables/charts/diagrams/figures that appear to be your own work ? Unattributed results from other research 38 Plagiarism ? It can involve relatively small amounts of material: ? . mosaic plagiarism ? The amount of material is not in itself significant ? Both largescale and minor plagiarism are ?academic offences?, and will be punished! ? The disciplinary process is – rightly! – severe ? Zero coursework mark ? Meeting with HoD ? Problems with personal references/career progression (1,3,4) 39 Academic dishonesty and science ? There is a particular need to observe academic integrity and avoid plagiarism in science ? “Honesty in reporting data and ideas is an essential te of the scientific world” (1) ? Where malpractice occurs: ? Unfair career advantage may be gained ? Funds for research may be misappropriated ? Where malpractice is revealed: ? Further research based on the promised material will be damaged ? Reputations are tarnished ? Careers are damaged ? Funds for . medical advances may be removed 40 Academic dishonesty and science ? Note that malpractice includes using fraudulent data, as well as stealing others? work ? Fraudulent data = ? Data wholly or partially made up (fabricated) ? Data ?tweaked? to support a result or hypothesis ? Inconvenient/contradictory data that is removed to support a result or hypothesis 41 Academic dishonesty and science ? Example fabrication ? Involves , Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo ? A paper in The Lancet on nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and cancer has been retracted ? Research carried out by Subdo appears to have been fabricated ? The author?s career has been severely damaged (5) 42 Plagiarism ? Plagiarism can be intentional ? . collusion。 projects。 paragraph deconstruction Headings: ? As well as the main sections outlined above, scientific papers will also be anised by headings, subheadings and paragraphs ? Headings and subheadings follow the general direction of the ?argument? ? They follow a sequence of hypothesis – test results discussion ? Use these headings strategically ? For example, use them as a parallel process to construct your notes ? Under each heading put down a few summary points to summarise that section of the text 18 Effective reading for science Paragraph deconstruction ? Look at each paragraph strategically ? Within academic writing, paragraphs tend to have ? a. A topic sentence (the central idea of the paragraph) ? b. Explanation amp。 and give an intext citation, and a reference in the reference list ? If this is relevant to your final year project, then earlier work must be properly referenced 49 Plagiarism