【正文】 ork drawing on other sources ? . essays。 paragraph deconstruction Headings: ? As well as the main sections outlined above, scientific papers will also be anised by headings, subheadings and paragraphs ? Headings and subheadings follow the general direction of the ?argument? ? They follow a sequence of hypothesis – test results discussion ? Use these headings strategically ? For example, use them as a parallel process to construct your notes ? Under each heading put down a few summary points to summarise that section of the text 18 Effective reading for science Paragraph deconstruction ? Look at each paragraph strategically ? Within academic writing, paragraphs tend to have ? a. A topic sentence (the central idea of the paragraph) ? b. Explanation amp。 key discussion of specific papers that ?shape? the research Lierature review Overview of literature and research 13 Effective reading for science Section Context Materials and methods Mainly practical rather than evaluative Results Clearly, what was established… Discussion A rich evaluation and conclusion, often thematically anised. Will focus on alternative hypotheses amp。 keywords ? Anticipation means you read with more focus ? This is the first step to active reading 7 Effective reading ? Stage 2 ? 1st reading: Skim the text for general meaning ? Only take very brief notes at this stage, if any ? Use a pencil to mark difficult passages ? 2nd reading: Scan the text for the keywords/particular topics you noted at Stage 1 + your marked passages ? 3rd reading: Read for detail ? Now go back over the text carefully ? Read each paragraph/section in detail ? Take selective notes, capturing some detail ? Because you have carried out a skim and a scan read already, the read for detail stage is more effective 8 Effective reading for science ? Some students may find the skimscanread for detail process difficult to implement with scientific writing ? Material with a high incidence of formula, data, scientific expressions and specialised vocabulary may be difficult to read quickly ? There are further anticipatory processes that can be tried in advance of, or as an alternative to, skimscanread for detail 9 Effective reading for science ? in context ? Scientific papers tend to follow a standardised structure ? There may be some variation within this for some sections ? . the extent and position of acknowledgements within the paper ? But the core sections are usually as follows 10 Effective reading for science ? The main structure of scientific papers: ? Abstract ? Introduction ? Literature Review ? Materials and Methods ? Results ? Discussion 11 Effective reading for science ? In your reading, you can work with the kind of information you will find in each section ? Anticipating the type of ?discussion? in each section allows you to read for context, and read more effectively ? In short, you ?know? what you are looking for 12 Effective reading for science Section Context Abstract Global view of textconcise summary Introduction Key aims of research。1 Reading techniques and critical reading referencing and plagiarism The Department of Biosciences Stage 3 Project Induction Shaun Theobald The Student Learning Advisory Service 2 Keywords for this lecture ? Academic integrity ? Academic dishonesty ? Referencing ? Intext citations ? Reference list ? Numeric referencing systems ? Vancouver 3 Keywords for this lecture ? Plagiarism ? Common knowledge ? Collusion ? Collaboration ? Duplication ? Paraphrasing ? Summarising 4 Aims of this lecture ? To explore the process of reading effectively ? To explore the process of reading critically ? To examine the concept of academic integrity ? To relate this to final year projects ? To describe and examine plagiarism 5 Aims of this lecture ? To demonstrate the ways in which you can avoid plagiarism ? Putting academic integrity into practice ? Understanding referencing ? Numeric referencing。 Vancouver 6 Effective reading ? Generic principles ? Select a suitable amount of text ? . short journal article ? Stage 1 ? Raise que