【正文】 websites, where it can be ?found?, . URL, or place of publication/publisher 30 Common knowledge ? Common knowledge = generic information that is widely understood to be true ? It is not part of a specific academic/scientific argument or hypothesis ? Though it may form some of the underlying principles ? Common knowledge does not need referencing in the same way a source does ? Don?t confuse mon knowledge with sources 31 Common knowledge Examples ? The Battle of Hastings took place in 1066… ? But a scholarly account of the oute of this battle, and the consequences for 11th Century Britain, is not mon knowledge…it would be a referenced source 32 Common knowledge Examples cont.: ? The Periodic Table ? But a discussion of Mendeleevs?s work and significance is not mon knowledge…it would be a referenced source ? The Matrigel Invasion Assay as a widely used protocol in Cell Biology ? But an account of how this protocol had been modified for a particular process is not mon knowledge…it would be a referenced source 33 The evidential approach to academic writing ? If you provide this information, and show where you use sources in your writing, you show that: ? All sources used can be accurately traced by another scholar ? They can ?followup? your argument ? You have achieved transparency and honesty ? You demonstrate your work is your own work ? You demonstrate your sources are used properly 34 Further reasons for “attributing and acknowledging your sources” (2) ? Effective use of sources structures your argument ? You fulfil assessment criteria and maximise your grade ? You demonstrate the breadth and relevance of your reading and research ? Marking criteria for Essay and Written Assignments (3, 4) ? 70100% (Excellent) iv Shows evidence of having read relevant literature and is able to use this effectively. Accurate citing of references. 35 Further reasons for “attributing and acknowledging your sources” (2) cont. ? 6069% (Good) iv Shows evidence of having read some of the relevant literature and is able to use this in the answer. References cited. ? 5059% (Satisfactory) iv May show evidence of having read some relevant literature but generally fails to demonstrate understanding of it or to use it correctly in the answer. 36 Key terms ? In “attributing and acknowledging your sources” (2) there are several key terms ? Referencing ? The whole process of embedding sources effectively ? Intext citation ? The point in your text where you draw from your sources + say what they are ? Reference list ? A plete list of references that gives full details for all your sources。 key discussion of specific papers that ?shape? the research Lierature review Overview of literature and research 13 Effective reading for science Section Context Materials and methods Mainly practical rather than evaluative Results Clearly, what was established… Discussion A rich evaluation and conclusion, often thematically anised. Will focus on alternative hypotheses amp。 cited 2022 January]. Available from 6. Centre for Excellence in Teaching and Learning in Applied Undergraduate Research Skills, the University of Reading [CETLAURS] (2022) Engage in Research: The interactive resource for bioscience students [published 2022。 keywords ? Anticipation means you read with more focus ? This is the first step to active reading 7 Effective reading ? Stage 2 ? 1st reading: Skim the text for general meaning ? Only take very brief notes at this stage, if any ? Use a pencil to mark difficult passages ? 2nd reading: Scan the text for the keywords/particular topics you noted at Stage 1 + your marked passages ? 3rd reading: Read for detail ? Now go back over the text carefully ? Read each paragraph/section in detail ? Take selective notes, capturing some detail ? Because you have carried out a skim and a scan read already, the read for detail stage is more effective 8 Effective reading for science ? Some students may find the skimscanread for detail process difficult to implement with scientific writing ? Material with a high incidence of formula, data, scientific expressions and special