【正文】 去做，但卻不得不做的事情相聯(lián)系 合作學習 是以現(xiàn)代社會心理 學、教學社會學、認知心理學、現(xiàn)代教育教學技術(shù)學等為理論基礎(chǔ)，以開發(fā)和利用課堂中的認的關(guān)系為基點，以目標設(shè)計為先導(dǎo)，以全員互動合作為基本動力，以班級授課為前導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)，以小組活動為基本教學形勢，以團體成績?yōu)樵u價標準的一種學習方式。它具有以下特點：成長記錄袋的基本成分是學生作品，而且數(shù)量很多；作品的收集是有意的．而不足隨機的；成長記錄袋應(yīng)提供給學生發(fā)表意見和對作品進行反省的機會。 P324 三、判斷題 √ √ √ 四、簡答 簡述小學期間同伴交往的特點。其同伴間的交流更加有效；他 們更善于利用各種信息來決定自己對他人采取的行動；更善于協(xié)調(diào)與其他兒童的交往活動；開始形成同伴團體。 動作技能的形成是通過領(lǐng)悟和練習逐步掌握某種動作操作程序的過程，復(fù)雜運動技能的形成，一般要經(jīng)歷四個主要階段。 (1)認知階段。 (2)分解階段。 (3)聯(lián)系定位階段。 (4)自動化階段。這個階段學習者的各個動作似乎自動流出，得心應(yīng)手，甚至出神人化。 小學生學習動機的激發(fā)，可從下面五個方面進行。 (2)從基本需要提高到成長需要。 (4)使每個學生都獲得成功的經(jīng)驗。 P229 如何維護小學教師的心理健康？ 1)了解個人職業(yè)特征 教師對自己要有一個全面、客觀的評估，充分了解自己的職業(yè)特征，才能夠有效應(yīng)對來自社會、學校、學生、家長等各方面的要求。 (2)作好職業(yè)生涯發(fā)展規(guī)劃 生涯設(shè)計可以使教師納入自己固有的生活軌道。個人要形成計劃，把握關(guān)鍵的步驟，組織也要設(shè)計具體的活動方案；促成生涯發(fā)展目標與計劃的實現(xiàn)。這是實現(xiàn)或完成生涯發(fā)展目標最后的階段。 (4)具有成功教師的信念系統(tǒng) 人是受信念支配的，教師應(yīng)了解自己想成為怎樣的教師，教師往往按照自己所認為的那樣發(fā)展成長的。教師為自己制訂完美的生涯規(guī)劃、肯定自己的能力和技巧，同時又具備成功教師的信念系統(tǒng)，這樣，就為自己的心理健康提供了強有力的保證。其次，改變方法。最后，調(diào)整目標。使較長遠的目標與短近 的目標相結(jié)合，使具有挑戰(zhàn)性的目標與現(xiàn)實性的目標相結(jié)合。 P329 六、論述： 試評述羅杰斯的人本主義學習觀 羅杰斯是著名的人本主義心理學家。 (1)意義學習：學習應(yīng)該與個人生活、實踐息息相關(guān)。 (2)自由地學習：每個學習者是一個獨特的個體，有他自己的感情和完善自己的傾向 ，這種傾向只有在能體驗到無條件的積極關(guān)注和自由時才能得到最好的發(fā)揮。教學應(yīng)以學生為中心，學校和教師應(yīng)尊重學生，真正把學生視為學習活動的主體。意義學習的動機產(chǎn)生于人類基本的自我實現(xiàn)傾向。 (5)學習的促進：教師是學習的促進者。羅杰斯認為促進意義學習的關(guān)鍵是存在于促進 者和學習者之間個人關(guān)系中的某些態(tài)度品質(zhì)。強調(diào)意義學習、重視對學生的人格完善。 但是，人本主義學習理論也有它的局限性，人本主義過分強調(diào)先天潛能在學習中的作用，片面強調(diào)自由選擇和自我設(shè)計，忽視了人的心理和行為的社會制約性。 p7880 聯(lián)系實際，分析小學教師存在的心理健康問題。滿分 100分 ，談?wù)勀銓?gòu)主義學習理論的理解。當今的建構(gòu)主義者雖然認為世界是客觀存在的，但是，認為對于世界的理解和賦予意義是每個人自己決定的。 他們把學習看成是學習者通過新舊經(jīng)驗間雙向的相互作用建構(gòu)自己的經(jīng)驗體系的過程。 建構(gòu)主義從上述學習觀出發(fā)，提出了一些教學方法。 注意 :聯(lián)系實際，談?wù)勀愕睦斫獠⑶‘數(shù)剡M行闡述。（第五次作業(yè)） 解答要點 (1)說服； (2)角色扮演； (3)榜樣學 習； (4)獎勵、懲罰； (5)小組道德討論。 。 P226 、同伴交往與學生問題行為關(guān)系的研究。P125127 Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Women39。s games measures in (7576 cm) in circumference, and a women39。s bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 4954 in ( m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft ( m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere mands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two halfbushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and outlined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Men39。s five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players。 smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 1020 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismith39。 England in 1894。 and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948。s basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem AbdulJabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The women39。s game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably bee the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the women39。s basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a pergame basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the everchanging players on a