【正文】 ter Edward Ned Irish staged the first intersectional twin bill in Madison Square Garden in New York City and attracted more than 16,000 fans. He demonstrated the appeal of major college ball and made New York its center. In December 1936, Hank Luisetti of Stanford revealed the virtues of the onehanded shot to an amazed Garden audience and became the first major collegiate star. Soon thereafter, Luisetti scored an incredible fifty points against Duquesne, thus ending the East39。s Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association)。 England in 1894。（第五次作業(yè)） 解答要點(diǎn) (1)說服； (2)角色扮演； (3)榜樣學(xué) 習(xí)； (4)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)、懲罰； (5)小組道德討論。強(qiáng)調(diào)意義學(xué)習(xí)、重視對學(xué)生的人格完善。使較長遠(yuǎn)的目標(biāo)與短近 的目標(biāo)相結(jié)合，使具有挑戰(zhàn)性的目標(biāo)與現(xiàn)實(shí)性的目標(biāo)相結(jié)合。 P229 如何維護(hù)小學(xué)教師的心理健康？ 1)了解個(gè)人職業(yè)特征 教師對自己要有一個(gè)全面、客觀的評估，充分了解自己的職業(yè)特征，才能夠有效應(yīng)對來自社會、學(xué)校、學(xué)生、家長等各方面的要求。 (1)認(rèn)知階段。 P285287 簡述課堂紀(jì)律的功能。 “道德兩難論”方法研究品德的發(fā)展 為了保證有效地復(fù)述，學(xué)習(xí)者在學(xué)習(xí)過程中應(yīng)注意哪些方面？ 192 答：（ 1）及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)（ 2）集中復(fù)習(xí)和分散學(xué)習(xí)（ 3）試圖回憶（ 4）利用記憶中的系列位 置效應(yīng)（ 5）調(diào)動(dòng)多種感官參與學(xué)習(xí)（ 6）利用情境和心境的相似性提高復(fù)述效果。但動(dòng)作技能要求學(xué)習(xí)者必須掌握一套刺激 — 反映的連接，而智力技能則要求學(xué)習(xí)者掌握正確的思維方法，即獲得產(chǎn)生式或產(chǎn)生式系統(tǒng)。 （ 1） 理解和表征問題階段 （ 2） 尋求解答的方案 （ 3） 執(zhí)行計(jì)劃或嘗試某種解決方案 （ 4） 對結(jié)果進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn) 簡述影響問題解決的個(gè)人因素。 （ 2） 教學(xué)內(nèi)容的編排應(yīng)該循序漸進(jìn) （ 3） 把握每一階段學(xué)習(xí)的遷移價(jià)值 （ 4） 啟發(fā)學(xué)生對所學(xué)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行概括總結(jié) （ 5） 進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)方法和學(xué)習(xí)策略的指導(dǎo) （ 6） 培養(yǎng)學(xué)生良好的、積極的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度。針對學(xué)生的氣質(zhì)差異，教師一是要尊重學(xué)生的差異，允許 學(xué)生按照自己方式發(fā)展進(jìn)步。對于晚熟的學(xué)生，教師要給以扶持和鼓勵(lì)，防止一個(gè)未來的巨匠埋沒在不適當(dāng)教育氛圍 中。 簡述加涅的學(xué)習(xí)與記憶的信息加工模型。在研究過程中，允許邊行動(dòng)，邊調(diào)整方案；同時(shí)，在結(jié)果分析時(shí)注意實(shí)際的教育意義。 ２．實(shí)驗(yàn)法：實(shí)驗(yàn)法是一種控制影響實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的無關(guān)因素，系統(tǒng)的探討某些實(shí)驗(yàn)條件、觀測與實(shí)驗(yàn)條件相關(guān)現(xiàn)象的變化，從而確定條件與現(xiàn)象之間因果關(guān)系的一種研究方法。在典型的行動(dòng)研究中，研究 成員由專家、研究成員、教師、行政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人員等聯(lián)合構(gòu)成。 （ 2）技能的學(xué)習(xí)：包括動(dòng)作技能和智力技能的學(xué)習(xí)。小學(xué)兒童的個(gè)體差異主要表現(xiàn)為： （ 1）認(rèn)知差異。氣質(zhì)不能決定學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)成績的好壞。 3）學(xué)習(xí)的思維活動(dòng)水平從直觀向抽象發(fā)展。 策略：是學(xué)習(xí)者用來評估自己的理解、安排學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間、選擇有效的計(jì)劃來學(xué)習(xí)或解決問題、監(jiān)控自己的學(xué)習(xí)情況等方面的策略，它主要包括計(jì)劃策略、監(jiān)控策略和調(diào)節(jié)策略等。而智力技能是借助于內(nèi)部言語實(shí)現(xiàn)的，可以省略、高度減縮，甚至覺察不到它的進(jìn)行。 簡述柯爾伯格的品德發(fā)展階段理論的主要內(nèi)容。這種沖突是最為普遍的小個(gè)體從 ‘ 利 ’ 與 ‘ 得 ’ 一方面考慮，又傾向于躲避 教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)： P243 二、簡答題 簡述成就目標(biāo)理論的主要內(nèi)容 P220 簡述課堂教學(xué)中的主要情緒 P233 簡述愉快教育的教學(xué)策略 P238 簡 述加涅的學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)分類體系 P247 簡述陳述性知識的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)要求。 P43 簡述動(dòng)作技能的形成過程。 (3)從需要滿足發(fā)展到價(jià)值追求。當(dāng)采取某種方法來達(dá)到目的受到阻礙的時(shí)候，教師可以通過改變行為方式，嘗試運(yùn)用別的方法來達(dá)到目的。促進(jìn)者和學(xué)習(xí)者是平等的關(guān)系。其中包括隨機(jī)通達(dá)教學(xué)、自上而下的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)、情境性教學(xué)和支架式教學(xué)。 the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the anization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players。s original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first fiveman teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine s but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the s were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Noheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the twohand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more anized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics。s prestige began to decline. Professional basketball remained a disanized and stodgy sport up until the late 1940s, with barnstorming still central to the game and most players still using the set shot. In 1946, however, hockey owners, led by Maurice Podoloff, created the Basketball Association of America (BAA) in the East to fill their arenas, but few fans came, even after Joe Fulks of Philadelphia introduced the jump shot. The BAA39。s game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional men39。s National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basketballs ran