【正文】 filaments called hyphae (菌絲), which aggregate together to form a tangled mycelium (菌絲體). In some fungi the hyphae have crosswalls called septa(橫隔) separating cells, which may nevertheless be joined by one or more pores, which permit cytoplasmic streaming, a form of internal transport.Fungi are categorized into phyla (divisions) based on the type of structures produced during sexual reproduction.⑤ Containing chitin in the cell wall。③ Vegetative bodies are usually developing filamentous and branched structure as well as unicell。 Plants utilize CO2 as a carbon source, fungi do not. One of the features that caused taxonomists finally to remove fungi from the plant kingdom was the distinctive chemical nature of the fungal cell wall. Whereas plant and algal cells have walls posed of cellulose, the cell wall of fungi is made up principally of chitin.Fungi（真菌的概念）：This term fungus indicates those organisms that have true nucleus, produce spores by asexual or sexual reproduction, absorb the nourishment material, have no chloroplast. Members of fungi include yeast, mold and mushroom.Major characters of fungi :① With a real nucleus。 Plants obtain energy from the sun, fungi do not。Genus224。Order224。Phylum224。 革蘭氏陰性菌（G+）基體由2個環(huán)構成。芽孢的結構：Endosporeforming process (芽孢的形成過程)鞭毛（flagellum）的結構分為基體、鉤形鞘和螺旋絲。（1）四肽尾的第3個氨基酸不是Llys，而是被內消旋二氨基二酸（mDAP）所代替（2）沒有特殊的肽橋，其前后兩個單體間的連接僅通過甲四肽尾的第4個氨基酸DAla的羧基與乙四肽尾的第3個氨基酸mDAP的氨基直接相連。圖示革蘭氏陽性菌和革蘭氏陰性菌細胞壁結構。G+菌由于細胞壁厚，肽聚糖網層次多而交聯(lián)緊密，并且不含類脂，故以乙醇脫色時不會溶出縫隙，反而使肽聚糖網孔收縮，使染料滯留在細胞壁內而使其染上紫色；反之，G菌由于細胞壁薄，外膜層類脂含量高，肽聚糖層薄和交聯(lián)度差，當遇到乙醇時，以類脂為主的的外膜迅速溶解，這時薄而松散的肽聚糖網不能阻擋結晶紫與碘的復合物的溶出，故細胞退成無色。 instead it seems to act as a permeability barrier preventing loss of crystal violet. During the procedure the bacteria are first stained with crystal violet and next treated with iodine to promote dye retention. When grampositive bacteria then are decolorized with ethanol, the alcohol is thought to shrink the pores of the thick peptidoglycan. Thus the dyeiodine plex is retained during the short decolorization step and the bacteria remain purple. In contrast, gramnegative peptidoglycan is very thin, not as highly crosslinked, and has larger pores. Alcohol treatment also may extract enough lipid from the gramnegative wall to increase its porosity further. For these reasons, alcohol more readily removes the purple crystal violetiodine plex from gramnegative bacteria. 簡而言之，不同細菌的染色差異（G+或G）是由于細胞壁化學成分的差異而引起了物理特性（脫色能力）的不同。 they are called spirilla （螺旋菌）if rigid and spirochetes (螺旋體) when flexible.4, Capsules (莢膜) and slime layers (粘液層) usually are posed of polysaccharides (多糖), but they may be constructed of other materials.5, Gram staining procedure(革蘭氏染色的步驟)In the first step of the Gramstaining procedure, the smear is stained with the basic dye crystal violet, the primary stain. It is followed by treatment with an iodine solution functioning as a mordant. That is, the iodine increases the interaction between the cell and the dye so that the cell is stained more strongly. The smear is next decolorized by washing with ethanol or acetone. This step generates the differential aspect of the Gram stain。IntroductionMicrobes are a diverse group of organisms that can be divided into the viruses, unicellular groups (Archaea, Eubacteria, protista, some fungi and some chlorophyta) and a small number of organisms with a simple multicellular structure (the large fungi and chlorophyta).Microbiology: the science (logos) of small (micro) life (bios). The study of living things so small that they cannot be seen with the naked eye.The threedomain system is a biological classification introduced by Carl Woese that divides cellular life forms into archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote domains. In particular, it emphasizes the separation of prokaryotes into two groups, originally called Eubacteria (now Bacteria) and Archaebacteria (now Archaea).Microorganisms were first visualized by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), a Dutch cloth merchant and an expert lens grinder.The first proof of the involvement of bacteria in disease and the definitive proof of the germ theory of disease came from the German Robert Koch.Koch’s postulates:1, The microorganism must be present in every instance of the disease and absent from healthy individuals.2, The microorganism must be capable of being isolated and grown in pure culture.3 ,When the microorganism i