【正文】 遇到乙醇時，以類脂為主的的外膜迅速溶解，這時薄而松散的肽聚糖網(wǎng)不能阻擋結(jié)晶紫與碘的復(fù)合物的溶出，故細胞退成無色。再經(jīng)番紅等紅色染料復(fù)染時，就使G菌呈現(xiàn)紅色，而G+菌仍保留紫色或紫紅色。圖示革蘭氏陽性菌和革蘭氏陰性菌細胞壁結(jié)構(gòu)。試述革蘭氏陽性菌和革蘭氏陰性菌肽聚糖單體的異同點。（1）四肽尾的第3個氨基酸不是Llys，而是被內(nèi)消旋二氨基二酸（mDAP）所代替（2）沒有特殊的肽橋，其前后兩個單體間的連接僅通過甲四肽尾的第4個氨基酸DAla的羧基與乙四肽尾的第3個氨基酸mDAP的氨基直接相連。Endospore(芽孢)：某些細菌在其生長發(fā)育后期，在細胞內(nèi)形成一個圓形或橢圓形、厚壁、含水量極低、抗逆性極強的休眠體，稱為芽孢。芽孢的結(jié)構(gòu)：Endosporeforming process (芽孢的形成過程)鞭毛（flagellum）的結(jié)構(gòu)分為基體、鉤形鞘和螺旋絲。 革蘭氏陰性菌（G）基體由L、P、S、M四個環(huán)構(gòu)成。 革蘭氏陰性菌（G+）基體由2個環(huán)構(gòu)成。The systemic taxa of mocroorganisms follow the systemic taxa built by Linnaeus，including seven grades from top to bottom: Kingdom224。Phylum224。 Class224。Order224。Family224。Genus224。Species All species names of cellular microorganisms obey the Latin binominal nomenclature built by Linnaeus without exception.Mycoplasma (支原體)are the procaryotic organism between bacteria (細菌) and rickettsia (立克次氏體).Chlamydia (衣原體)are a genus of minitype Gramnegative prokaryotic organism which obligate parasitize in eukaryotic cells.Spirochaeta are a group of Gramnegative unicellular prokaryotic organism whose configuration and kinesiology are particular.Substrate mycelium Aerial hyphae Sporular hyphaMajor Characteristics Used in Taxonomy：? 1，Classical Characteristics? Morphological Characteristics? Physiological and Metabolic Characteristics? Ecological Characteristics? Genetic Analysis? 2, Molecular Characteristics? Comparison of Proteins? Nucleic Acid Base Composition? Nucleic Acid Hybridization? Nucleic Acid Sequencing (16S rRNA sequencing)Bacterial colony (菌落): A bacterial colony is defined as a visible cluster of organisms growing on the surface of or within a solid medium, theoretically cultured from a single cell.Bacterial lawn (菌苔): Bacterial lawn is a used by biologists to describe the appearance of bacterial colonies when all the individual colonies on a petridish merge together to form a a field or mat of bacteria.Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic microorganisms（真核微生物概念）： The eukaryotic microorganisms is not a natural monophyletic taxon. They have the nuclear membrane coating a cell nucleus, carry out mitosis, and have mitochondria in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic microorganisms include : fungi, microalgae and protozoa.Fungi differ from plants in two quite fundamental respects: 223。 Plants obtain energy from the sun, fungi do not。223。 Plants utilize CO2 as a carbon source, fungi do not. One of the features that caused taxonomists finally to remove fungi from the plant kingdom was the distinctive chemical nature of the fungal cell wall. Whereas plant and algal cells have walls posed of cellulose, the cell wall of fungi is made up principally of chitin.Fungi（真菌的概念）：This term fungus indicates those organisms that have true nucleus, produce spores by asexual or sexual reproduction, absorb the nourishment material, have no chloroplast. Members of fungi include yeast, mold and mushroom.Major characters of fungi :① With a real nucleus。 ② Having no chloroplast and photosynthesis。③ Vegetative bodies are usually developing filamentous and branched structure as well as unicell。④Typically forming asexual and sexual reproductive spores。⑤ Containing chitin in the cell wall。⑥ Heterotrophy by absorption。⑦ More living adaptively in the land .Some fungi have long, branched, threadlike filaments called hyphae (菌絲), which aggregate together to form a tangled mycelium (菌絲體). In some fungi the hyphae have crosswalls called septa(橫隔) separating cells, which may nevertheless be joined by one or more pores, which permit cytoplasmic streaming, a form of internal transport.Fungi are categorized into phyla (divisions) based on the type of structures produced during sexual reproduction. (1) Chytridiomycota（壺菌亞門，低等真菌） (2) Zygomycota （接合菌亞門，低等真菌） (3) Asycota （子囊菌亞門，高等真菌） (4) Basidiomycota （擔(dān)子菌亞門，高等真菌） (5) Deuteromycota（半知菌亞門，高等真菌）真菌的分類（Ainsworth分類系統(tǒng)）依據(jù): 橫隔有無，無性孢子，有性孢子，典型的代表微生物種類，自己列表。有性孢子的種類和比較（見PPT），無性孢子的種類和比較（見PPT），有性繁殖的三個過程。rhizoid(假根)。 Haustorium（吸器） Life cycle of fungi:In general, the life cycle involves the fusion of hyphae from two individuals, forming a mycelium that contains haploid nuclei of both individuals. The fusion of hyphae is called plasmogamy. The fused hyphae containing haploid nuclei from two individuals is heterokaryotic. In some cases, plasmogamy results in cells with