【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 one nucleus from each individual. This condition is called dikaryotic. Eventually, two nuclei that originated from different individuals fuse to form a diploid zygote. Meiosis then produces either four haploid nuclei or four haploid cells. Asexual spores (無性孢子)are formed by the aerial mycelium of one organism. When these spores germinate, they bee organisms that are genetically identical to the parent. Sexual spores (有性孢子) result from the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same species of fungus. Organisms that grow from sexual spores will have genetic characteristics of both parental strains. VirusVirus（病毒的概念）：Viruses are a unique group of tiny infectious particles that are obligate parasites of cells, are not cells but resemble plex molecules posed of DNA or RNA. Most of them are so small () that an electron microscope is necessary to detect them.Structures of viruses: naked virus (nucleic acid, capsid)。 enveloped virus (nucleic acid, capsid and envelope).Viral capsids have three different forms: helical symmetry, icosahedral symmetry and plex symmetry.噬菌體（phage)：侵染細菌的微生物病毒。 烈性噬菌體（virulent phages ）：病毒感染宿主細胞，能在宿主細胞內(nèi)增殖，產(chǎn)生大量子代噬菌體并引起宿主細胞裂解的一類噬菌體稱為烈性噬菌體，又稱為毒性噬菌體。病毒可在短時間內(nèi)能連續(xù)完成吸附、侵入、增殖（復(fù)制與生物合成）、成熟（裝配）和裂解（釋放）5個階段而實現(xiàn)其繁殖。含有溫和噬菌體的寄主細胞稱為溶源細胞或細胞溶源化。 在溶源細胞內(nèi)的噬菌體核酸稱為原噬菌體（或前噬菌體）.Replication cycles of virulent phage(毒性噬菌體的生活周期): 1, Adsorption (attachment)。2, Penetration。3, Replication。4, Assembly。5, Release. onestep growth curve（一步生長曲線）：定量描述毒性噬菌體生長規(guī)律的實驗曲線，該曲線反映3個重要的特性參數(shù)，即潛伏期、裂解期、裂解量.一步生長曲線可分為三個時期：①潛伏期是指菌體的核酸侵入宿主細胞后至第一個噬菌體粒子裝配前的一段時間。 Eclipse period：it is the period from the virus penetrating host cell to the releasing of virion .②裂解期是指溶液中噬菌體粒子急劇增多的一段時間。Burst phase：During this period, the number of virion increases rapidly with lysis of host cell③穩(wěn)定期溶液中噬菌體總數(shù)達到最高點后的時期。Platform phage：It is the period that all of the host cells are lysated and the valence of virus reaches the apogee.某些噬菌體侵染細菌后，將自身基因組整合到細菌細胞染色體上，隨寄主細胞分裂而同步復(fù)制，并不引起細菌裂解釋放噬菌體，因而被稱作溫和噬菌體（temperate phage）溫和性噬菌體和烈性噬菌體生活周期的比較：Prion（阮病毒的概念）：A prion (= proteinaceous infectious particle) is a selfreplicating protein responsible for a range of neurodegenerative disorders in humans and mammals. Inclusion bodies （包涵體的概念）：Inclusion bodies are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stainable substances, usually proteins. They typically represent sites of viral multiplication in a bacterium or a eukaryotic cell and usually consist of viral capsid proteins. Types of insect viruses（形成包涵體的昆蟲病毒類型）: NPV（核型多角體病毒）, CPV （質(zhì)型多角體病毒）和GV（顆粒型病毒）。Growth factors（生長因子）：Organic pounds required because they are essential cell ponents or precursors of such ponents and cannot be synthesized by the organism are called growth factors.There are three major classes of growth factors:} (1) amino acids, } (2) purines（嘌呤） and pyrimidines（嘧啶）, } (3) vitamins. Nutritional Types of Microorganisms：Microorganisms can be classified as either heterotrophs (異養(yǎng)型）or autotrophs （自養(yǎng)型）with respect to their preferred source of carbon. Phototrophs （光能營養(yǎng)型） use light as their energy source。 chemotrophs（化能營養(yǎng)型）obtain energy from the oxidation of chemical pounds (either organic or inorganic).The large majority of microorganisms thus far studied are either photolithotrophic autotrophs （光能自養(yǎng)型）or chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs（化能異養(yǎng)型）A substance can be transported across the cell membrane in one of three ways, known as simple diffusion（簡單擴散），facilitated diffusion （協(xié)助擴散）and active transport（主動運輸）?；鶊F轉(zhuǎn)位（group translocation）屬于主動運輸?shù)囊环N特殊形式。比較這四種營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)運輸方式的異同；Synthetic medium （合成培養(yǎng)基）：Such a medium in which all ponents are known is a defined medium or synthetic medium.Complex media ：Media that contain some ingredients of unknown chemical position are plex media.Agar（瓊脂） is well suited as a solidifying agent because after it has been melted in boiling water, it can be cooled to about 40 to 42176。C before hardening and will not melt again until the temperature rises to about 80 to 90176。C. Agar is also an excellent hardening agent because most microorganisms cannot degrade it.Types of Media：general purpose media；enriched (加富）media；Selective media；Differential media.Differential media (鑒別培養(yǎng)基)：Differential media are media that distinguish between different groups of bacteria and even permit tentative identification of microorganisms based on their biologic