【正文】 ll come into force after the signatures by the authorized representatives of both parties.,50,第五十頁，共九十五頁。ng)：合同在雙方受權(quán)代表簽字后正式生效。國際商務(wù)合同的成立一般是以簽字為成立要件而不是以蓋章為成立要件的。,根據(jù)?中華人民共和國合同法?第32條規(guī)定(guīd236。)在合同的結(jié)尾局部規(guī)定附件為本合同不可分割的組成局部。假設(shè)合同中訂有附件，應(yīng)在合同中另立一章列出附件的詳細(xì)內(nèi)容，并明確(m237。ngqu232。)的內(nèi)容有：合同使用的文字及其效力(languages in which the contract is to be written and its validity)。結(jié)尾條款主要應(yīng)明確(m237。,Final Clauses合同(h233。 Country of Corporation：People39。,【例2】合同號碼：(經(jīng)合字)第0081號 簽約日期：2003年3月29日 簽約地點：中國上海 賣方：中國ABC公司 地址：中國上海 街 號 公司屬國：中華人民共和國 電傳： ： ： 電子信箱： 買方(mǎi fānɡ)：美國XYZ公司 地址：美國紐約州紐約市——街——號 公司屬國：美利堅合眾國 電傳： ： ： 電子信箱：,46,第四十六頁，共九十五頁。oji224。,This contract is made this 29th day Of March. 2003 in Shanghai，China by and between ABC Corporation China (hereinafter referred to as “Seller“)，a Corporation having their principal office in Shanghai，China who agrees to sell, and XYZ Corporation (hereinafter referred lo as “Buyer“)，a Corporation having their principal office in New York，N．Y．，USA，who agrees to buy the following goods on the terms and conditions as below：,44,第四十四頁，共九十五頁。 以上兩項內(nèi)容主要解決以下法律問題：合同的主體是誰；訂約人是否具有合法主體資格，合同及合同爭議應(yīng)適用的法律；合同履行地點；合同生效、終止、履行日期及爭議時的司法管轄權(quán)等等。 tong)的前言,國際商務(wù)合同的前言局部，主要包括兩方面的內(nèi)容：其一,主要載明合同當(dāng)事人的名稱或者姓名、國籍、主營業(yè)務(wù)或者住所(the corporate or personal names of the parties to the contract and their nationalities，principal places of business or residential addresses)； 其二，合同簽訂(qiānd236。,42,第四十二頁，共九十五頁。ngw233。,商務(wù)(shāngw249。)合同該條款需作進(jìn)一步規(guī)定或在作規(guī)定時語氣上的轉(zhuǎn)折，因此應(yīng)譯為“但是〞才使譯文過渡自然，符合漢語的表達(dá)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，到達(dá)功能對等的效果。而當(dāng)條件句置于主句之后時，在翻譯這些引導(dǎo)條件句的連詞或短語時，可按動態(tài)等值理論視詳細(xì)情況而定，切勿生搬硬套?！?40,第四十頁，共九十五頁。,28〕Subject to the conditions hereinafter set forth, Party B will protect…〔在以下(yǐxi224。ibiǎo)，但須書面通知對方。假設(shè)屬雙方過失，那么根據(jù)實際情況，由雙方分別承擔(dān)各自應(yīng)負(fù)的違約責(zé)任?！?38,第三十八頁，共九十五頁。o)方索賠，但須出具證明。,23〕If the third party accuses the Party B of infringement, Party B shall take up the matter…〔假設(shè)第三方指控乙方侵權(quán)，乙方應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)……〕 24〕In the event of any loss caused by the delay in the delivery, the Representative can claim a compensation from the Manufacturer with a certificate and detailed list registered by the administration authorities of the Representative’s site.〔假設(shè)因任何交貨延誤導(dǎo)致的代理方損失，代理方可憑代理方所在地行政當(dāng)局登記的損失清單向制造(zh236。條件句多由以下連接詞引導(dǎo)：if, in the event of, in case (of), should, provided (that), subject to, unless otherwise等。ngw233。,第三節(jié) 合同英語的句法特點 及翻譯(fāny236。 凡在制造或裝船運輸過程中，因不可抗力致使賣方不能或推延交貨時，賣方不負(fù)責(zé)任。ng)。,22〕The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit. 上句中信息的重心在句首，先說明賣方的免責(zé)事項，接著再規(guī)定由于什么原因引起的不能交貨或延遲交貨才會免責(zé)，后對不可抗力又做了限定(xi224。,21〕If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach. 假設(shè)一方違背任何其根據(jù)第18.1條或18.2條所作的陳述及擔(dān)保或重述,那么另一方除根據(jù)本合同或相關(guān)法律尋求任何可能的救濟(jì)之外,違約方應(yīng)當(dāng)(yīngdāng)賠償另一方或合營公司因此種違背而招致的任何損失、損害、費用、開支、責(zé)任或索賠?；谝陨戏治?，再結(jié)合漢語的行文習(xí)慣〔條件在前，構(gòu)造在后以及定語在所修飾的核心詞之前〕，即可翻譯成文。in addition to 引導(dǎo)的是增補(bǔ)成分，其核心詞remedies也跟了后置定語〔available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws〕。If引導(dǎo)的是條件從句，條件句的賓語局部跟隨(ɡēn su237。,33,第三十三頁，共九十五頁。諸多狀語盡管在原文中位置靈敏，然而在譯文里，須按照漢語的行文標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適當(dāng)進(jìn)展調(diào)整：方式狀語一般(yībān)應(yīng)置于動詞之前；其他狀語可以靈敏處理，如本句中的時間狀語可以提早至句首。,20) The Buyer may, within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination, lodge a claim against the Seller for shortweight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor. 這是一個簡單長句，其主干為The Buyer may…lodge a claim…。最后,分析句子中是否有固定搭配、插入語等其他成分。ng)從句的連續(xù)性要復(fù)雜得多。,第三節(jié) 合同英語的句法(j249。雖然商務(wù)合同英文中的句法特點有很多，比方多用陳述句、多用如今時、多用被動語態(tài)、多用名詞性構(gòu)造等等，但本節(jié)結(jié)合翻譯難點，重點討論長句，尤其是條件從句的特點和翻譯方法。nydiǎn) 及翻譯要點,假設(shè)說商務(wù)合同的用詞具有專業(yè)、準(zhǔn)確、正式的特點，那么商務(wù)合同的句法那么有構(gòu)造嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、句式較長的特點。,30,第三十頁，共九十五頁。,29,第二十九頁，共九十五頁。 在以上三句中，“made and entered into〞、“amendments to and alteration of 〞、“terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations〞、“force and effect〞是幾組同義詞。奈達(dá)的“動態(tài)對等理論〞。n)的同義詞、近義詞、相關(guān)詞的并列現(xiàn)象，翻譯時應(yīng)仔細(xì)考慮單詞的內(nèi)涵、合同文體以及句法要求等相關(guān)因素。 18〕The amendments to or alteration of this contract become effect only after they are signed by parties hereto and approved by the original approving authorities. 19〕If the contract shall duly perform and observe all terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations of the said contract, the otherwise shall be remain in full force and effect.,28,第二十八頁，共九十五頁。再如：,27,第二十七頁，共九十五頁。n)的考慮，有時候也屬于合同用語的固定形式。有時候是出于嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)和杜絕破綻(p242。,第二節(jié) 合同英語的詞匯特點 及翻譯(fāny236。〕 同under、pursuant to一樣，上例中的in accordance with是法律文件中常用的詞匯，均作“根據(jù)〞、“按照〞解，比according to正式。,16〕On the FOB basis, the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specified in the contract. 〔按照FOB條件，由買方負(fù)責(zé)根據(jù)合同規(guī)定的裝運(zhuāngy249。該詞由兩個同義詞 unless和otherwise組成，otherwise有代詞作用，后面一般跟動詞的過去分詞限定，意為“除非另……〞；再如“unless otherwise specified in the Contract / the Letter of Credit〞， 即可譯為“除非合同/信譽(yù)證另有規(guī)定〞?！?本句中的unless otherwise比if not和 otherwise表達(dá)(biǎod225。,24,第二十四頁，共九十五頁?！?本句中用with regard to，in the event of和prior to分別代替about，in case of和before。 tong)英語的詞匯特點 及翻譯要點,二、用詞正式、準(zhǔn)確〔formal and accurate〕 〔一〕注意介詞或介詞短語的翻譯 14〕The participants in the Joint Venture shall commence discussion with regard to the extension of the period of existence of the Venture and in the event of their agreeing upon such extension, they shall record such agreement in a written document signed by all of them not later than three years prior to the expiry of the current period. 〔就本合資企業(yè)的存續(xù)時限的延期問題，各方應(yīng)進(jìn)展討論；一旦各方就此達(dá)成一致，應(yīng)形成書面協(xié)議，由各方在本合同期限到期之前(zhīqi225。,23,第二十三頁，共九十五頁。 再比方：The term “Effective date〞 means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto。假設(shè)(jiǎr如： The Licensee will notify the Licensor and shall assist the Licensor in taking such action as the Licensor deems appropriate。,第二節(jié) 合同(h233。 e. May not〔或shall not〕：用于制止性義務(wù)，即“不得做什么〞。,d. Will：一般使用在沒有法律強(qiáng)迫的情況下，也用做表示承擔(dān)義務(wù)的聲明(shēngm237。 13〕The board meeting shall be convened and presided over by the Chairman. Should the chairman be ab