【導(dǎo)讀】[摘要]語(yǔ)言在社會(huì)中所處的地位尤為重要。作為一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象的語(yǔ)。言，必然會(huì)反映出人類社會(huì)的各種社會(huì)觀念。性別歧視作為這其中的。論文首先剖析了英語(yǔ)中性別歧視現(xiàn)象形成的根源。視的本質(zhì)的關(guān)系。接著論文從陽(yáng)性詞泛指，詞序，詞義的貶降等方面。最后論文還著力探討如。作者認(rèn)為，改變性別歧視主要解決以下幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：。避免陽(yáng)性代詞的泛指；詞匯的中性化；命名與稱謂的對(duì)等；創(chuàng)造新的對(duì)應(yīng)詞。消除語(yǔ)言中的性別歧視的根本在于實(shí)現(xiàn)男女的平等的社會(huì)

　　

【正文】 masculine pronouns Linguists engaged in study of sexism in the English language are not satisfied with merely pointing out the problem. As a solution to the problems that the generic masculine can create, a number of proposals have been made. A major category among these solutions is to avoid using generic masculine. Some alternatives to avoid generic masculine are offered as follows: (1) The generic masculine he, his, him should be replaced with he or she, his or her, him or her, and the like, which expressly indicate that women are included in the antecedent of the pronouns. This strategy can be illustrated with the following sentence: Every good citizen should love his or her country more than him or herself。 he or she should be ready to die for it if the need arises. (2) The genderneutral third person pronoun they and its variants should be used with a singular meaning. The proposal makes it possible to say: Every good citizen should love their country more than themselves。 they should be ready to die for it if the need arises. (3) Changing the whole sentence into plural form can also help to avoid sexism. Look at the sentence: Anyone can take part in the piic if he is interested. It is discriminatory. So we can change it into a nonsexist one: All people can take part in the piic if they are interested. (4) Sometimes the first and second pronouns are used to replace he. List an example: One has to be careful when he crosses the road. Obviously, it use he to refer to a person whose sex is unknown. We can change it into ―You have to be careful when you cross the road.‖ to avoid the discrimination. (5) If permitted, the sentence can be changed into passive voice to be nonsexist. Instead of saying ―One should not lose heart when he is beaten in a match.‖, one would be able to say ―One should not lose heart when beaten in a match.‖ (6) Dropping the masculine pronoun can also be seen as a useful way to escape from gender bias.[17] The following sentence can help to know the strategy better. Anybody can attend the meeting if interested in it. Being discriminatory, it is written into ―Anybody can attend the meeting if he is interested in it.‖ Feminists regard masculine pronouns as being ambiguous and discriminatory against women because they can be interpreted as being masculinespecific or neutral and thus, in some cases, be interpreted as not referring to women at all. So it is time that masculine pronouns were changed. The above are some strategies used to avoid generic masculine. These strategies are so useful that they can help the improvement of sexism in language in some extent. And sexism in language is closely linked with sexism in society. So it is good to the elimination of sexism in society in the final analysis. Lexical neutralization Lexical neutralization is also regarded as the major category among solutions to sexist language. Above I have cited some examples that some professions are used to refer to men. When they are used to refer to woman, female or woman or lady is often used. In fact, people do not need to designate the sex of an occupation, for example, woman psychologist or male nurse. If you are quoting a qualified psychologist or nurse, should it make a difference if the information is ing from a man or woman? Generally, I sum up five solutions of lexical neutralization. (1) Try to avoid using man/men or mankind to refer to people in the world and replace it with person, people, humanity, human, human being, the human race, and the human species. The generic term man has been used in two ways: to refer to an adult male human being and as a synonym for human being. Obviously, when you use man and related words to refer to both women and men, you are being sexist. For example: ① Man is the most intelligent of all species. (sexist) Humankind/human being is the most intelligent of all species. (nonsexist) ② All men should maintain the ecological balance. (sexist) All people should maintain the ecological balance. (nonsexist) Or: Everyone should maintain the ecological balance. ③ The project is one of the greatest man39。s achievements. (sexist) The project is one of the greatest human achievements. (nonsexist) (2) Try to avoid using pound words that consist of man to refer to both genders. If a pound word is for specific use, we can use a word+man to refer to man and a word+woman to refer to woman, for example, businesswoman, chairwoman, policewoman, saleswoman, spokeswoman, etc. If it is for generic use or the gender is unknown, we can create new words or pounds involving the word person or word people leading to nouns, or shorten the word by cutting of the man suffix, or replacing it with existing genderneutral synonyms. For example, Avoid Prefer businessman businessperson, businesspeople chairman chairperson, chair, president, head foreman supervisor, superintendent manmade artificial, synthetic congressman representative, legislator councilman council member policeman police officer, law enforcement officer (3) Try to avoid using gendersuffixes which reflect women39。s lower rank and avoid using prepositional attributes like woman, lady, madam when there is no necessity to show their sex and use one form to designate a person in all three contexts, ., in reference to a male, to a female or to a person whose sex is not specific. For example: actress actor aviatrix aviator usherette usher poetess poet woman engineer engineer girl athlete athlete If it is important to mark the sex of the person, this could be done lexically, for example, we can use the adjectives male or female. It was a woman driver who sent me home. (sexist) It was a female driver who sent me home. Or The driver who sent me home was a woman. (nonsexist) (4) Genderfree words are words