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淺析英語中的性別歧視現(xiàn)象英語專業(yè)-文庫吧資料

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【正文】 also reflects in the language. Female as an exception English itself has no difference of gender. But in this maned society, people is used to believing that prestige person are always males. However, a woman who once receives great popularity is regarded as a special exception. Many professionals such as doctor, professor, engineer, lawyer, pilot, judge, surgeon can be used to indicate both males and females. But when indicating female‘s position, professional, etc., these words are created by adding a bound morpheme or by bining them with a word referring to female.[9] Because these satisfactory jobs are traditionally viewed as ones qualified only by males. Women are just the appendant to men. The words below can best illustrate it: Common gender Masculine gender Feminine gender waiter waiter waitress hero hero heroine pilot pilot woman pilot doctor doctor woman doctor surgeon surgeon female surgeon lawyer lawyer lady lawyer Interestingly, when we hear other people say ― My cousin is a lawyer.‖, most people always conclude that my cousin is a male. Most of the time, whenever we refer to a woman, we have to elaborately add woman, female or lady before many professionals. But other professionals like secretary, nurse, typist, receptionist, dressmaker, are often used to indicate females. When they are used to refer to males, you should add male or man before them, such as: male nurse, male typist, and male secretary. It makes clear that men monopolize the high status professionals. Women can only do service work or low social status work. English is a kind of super masculine language. This can be easily seen in pound words formed by word plus man structure, such as chairman, businessman, congressman, newsman, statesman, salesman, mailman, policeman, and spokesman. From these words, we can easily know that males are the of the society. These jobs are certainly taken by males and women are pletely excluded. In addition, there are some female professionals formed by adding the bound morpheme such as –ess, ine to the root. For example: Male Female poetpoetess princeprincess godgoddess countcountess heroheroine This kind of wordformation seems to tell that women are derived from men and attached to men. These discriminatory practices often make women invisible and treat them secondary. Word order Sexism in language is also reflected in word order. When men and women are presented together, usually words denoting male sex are put in front of female sex. Making females e second reflects the sexist attitude that men are superior to women. It is not hard to find malefemale word order pairs in English literature, newspaper, magazines as well as in speech, such as male and female, husband and wife, father and mother, boys and girls, his and hers, son and daughter, brother and sister, host and hostess, king and queen, Adam and Eve and so on. No matter in books or on radio, even in daily dialogue, we can often read and hear such words: (1)Good morning, boys and girls! (2)They would have allowed males and females to go to school together. Such a language phenomenon seems to appear so unquestionably natural as to be widely accepted as a language norm. However, there are also cases in which malefemale order is reversed, for example bride and groom, and ladies and gentlemen. The former shows that marriage is important to women and the latter is influenced by the notion that men should protect women. Putting ladies before gentlemen doesn‘t show that women are more superior to men or ladies first, but indicates that in men‘s mind, women, the same as children, are the weaker ones.[10] Semantic derogation of women Language has a tendency to neglect women, treat women as submission and also demean women.[11] The process of words that refer to women acquiring demeaning or sexual connotations has been widely observed, and has been called semantic derogation. Nonparallel semantic developments of paired terms Many sociolinguists have claimed that words bee negative when shifted into the female sphere, while male has remained pure and neutral. For example: (1) King and queen One is masculine, the other feminine and both mean ―ruler of an independent state‖. King has retained its initial meaning, but besides the core meaning of queen, queen is also used as ―a disparaging term for a gay or homosexual man‖. (2) Master and mistress Both of them indicate ?someone who possesses and/or has power over someone or something else. For example: ― He is my master.‖ usually means ―He is my boss.‖ or ―He has more power than me.‖ While ―She is my mistress.‖ is more likely to be interpreted as meaning ?She is my illicit lover.‘ Mistress originally refers to a woman in a position of authority, control, and ownership, as the head of a household like a housekeeper, but it implies a woman who has a continuing sexual relationship with a usually married man who is not her husband and from whom she generally receives material support. (3) Wizard and witch Both of them can be used to refer to people with evil magic powers. Wizard also has a meaning of person with extraordinary abilities, while witch means an ugly old woman. (4) Sir and madam Sir and madam both can be used to refer to high status people. Madam is used formerly as a courtesy title before a woman‘s given name but now used only before a surname or title indicating rank or office or used as a form of polite address for a woman. Unlike sir, madam is also used to refer to a brothel keeper. There are also many other examples such as lord and lady, governor and governess. The examples cited above demean women rather than men. Semantic collocation and change (1) Semantic collocation In English, a word may have different connotations when it is used to de
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