【正文】 rinsic motivation should counteract social loafing. ? Increase feelings of indispensability – Use training and the status system to provide group members with unique inputs. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 7 / Slide 78 Counteracting Social Loafing (continued) ? Increase performance feedback – Increase feedback from the boss, peers, and customers. ? Reward group performance – Members are more likely to monitor and maximize their own performance and that of their colleagues when the group receives rewards for effectiveness. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 7 / Slide 79 What Is a Team? ? The term “team” is generally used to describe “groups” in anizational settings. ? Teams have bee a major building block of anizations and are now quite mon in North America. ? Research has shown improvements in anizational performance in terms of both efficiency and quality as a result of teambased work arrangements. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 7 / Slide 80 Collective Efficacy ? When it es to teams, collective efficacy is important to ensure high performance. ? Collective efficacy consists of shared beliefs that a team can successfully perform a given task. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 7 / Slide 81 Designing Effective Work Teams ? According to J. Richard Hackman, a work group is effective when: – Its physical or intellectual output is acceptable to management and to other parts of the anization that use this output. – Group members’ needs are satisfied rather than frustrated by the group. – The group experience enables members to continue to work together. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 7 / Slide 82 Designing Effective Work Teams (continued) ? Group effectiveness occurs when: – High effort is directed toward the group’s task. – When great knowledge and skill are directed toward the task. – When the group adopts sensible strategies for acplishing its goals. ? One way to design groups to be more effective is to make them selfmanaged work teams. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 7 / Slide 83 SelfManaged Work Teams (SMWTs) ? Work groups that have the opportunity to do challenging work under reduced supervision. ? The groups regulate much of their own members’ behaviour. ? Critical success factors of selfmanaged teams include: – The nature of the task. – The position of the group. – Various support mechanisms. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 7 / Slide 84 Tasks for SelfManaged Teams ? Tasks assigned to selfmanaged work teams should be plex and challenging. ? They should require high interdependence among team members for acplishment. ? The tasks should have the qualities of enriched jobs. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 7 / Slide 85 Composition of SelfManaged Teams ? Stability – Group membership should be fairly stable. ? Size – Selfmanaged teams should be as small as feasible. ? Expertise – Group members should have a high level of expertise about the task at hand as well as social skills. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 7 / Slide 86 Composition of SelfManaged Teams (continued) ? Diversity – Group members should be similar enough to work well together and diverse enough to bring a variety of perspectives and skills to the task at hand. – One way of maintaining appropriate group position is to let the group choose its own members. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 7 / Slide 87 Supporting SelfManaged Teams ? A number of support factors can assist selfmanaged teams in being and staying effective. ? Reports of problems with teams can usually be traced back to inadequate support. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 7 / Slide 88 Supporting SelfManaged Teams (continued) ? Training – Members of selfmanaged teams require extensive training in areas such as technical training, social skills, language skills, and business training. ? Rewards – Rewards should be tied to team acplishment rather than to individual acplishment while still providing team members with some individual performance feedback. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 7 / Slide 89 Supporting SelfManaged Teams (continued) ? Management – Management should mediate relations between teams, deal with union concerns, and coach teams to be independent. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 7 / Slide 90 Factors Influencing Work Group Effectiveness Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 7 / Slide 91 Research on Work Group Effectiveness ? Task characteristics are related to most measures of group effectiveness. ? Group position is related to a few of the effectiveness measures. ? Teams perceived as too large for their tasks rated as less effective than teams perceived as an appropriate size or too small. ? Managerial support related to many measures of effectiveness and is one of the best predictors of group performance. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 7 / Slide 92 Research on Work Group Effectiveness (continued) ? Group processes are the best predictors of group effectiveness. ? Overall, research has shown improvements in team productivity, quality, customer satisfaction, and safety following the implementation of selfmanaged work teams. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 7 / Slide 93 CrossFunctional Teams ? Work groups that bring people with different functional specialties together to better invent, design, or deliver a product or service. ? Members have to be experts in their own area but able to cooperate with others. ? Best known for their success in product development. Copyright 169。