【正文】 oper of individuals on enriched jobs. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 6/ Slide 73 Work Design ? Acknowledges both the job and the broader work environment that consists of a wider variety of work design characteristics. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 6/ Slide 74 Work Design Characteristics ? Attributes of the task, job, and social and anizational environment. ? Three categories: – Motivational characteristics – Social characteristics – Work context characteristics Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 6/ Slide 75 Motivational Characteristics ? Includes task characteristics which are similar to the core job characteristics of the Job Characteristics Model. ? Knowledge characteristics refer to the kinds of knowledge, skill, and ability demands required to perform a job. ? Note distinction between task variety and skill variety. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 6/ Slide 76 Social Characteristics ? Has to do with the interpersonal and social aspects of work and includes: – Social support – Interdependence – Interaction outside of the anization – Feedback from others Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 6/ Slide 77 Work Context Characteristics ? Refers to the context within which work is performed and consists of: – Ergonomics – Physical demands – Work conditions – Equipment use Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 6/ Slide 78 Research Evidence ? Each category of work design characteristics is related to work attitudes and behaviours. ? The social characteristics are more strongly related to some outes (., turnover intentions) than the motivational characteristics. ? Overall, work design characteristics have a large and significant effect on employee attitudes and behaviours. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 6/ Slide 79 Management by Objectives ? An elaborate, systematic, ongoing program designed to facilitate goal establishment, goal acplishment, and employee development. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 6/ Slide 80 Management by Objectives Process ? Objectives for the anization as a whole are developed by top management and diffused down through the anization. ? Organizational objectives are translated into specific behavioural objectives for individual members. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 6/ Slide 81 Management by Objectives Process (continued) ? The MBO process involves manageremployee interactions: – The manager meets with individual workers to develop and agree on employee objectives which can include job performance and personal development objectives. – There are periodic meetings to monitor employee progress in achieving objectives. – An appraisal meeting is held to evaluate the extent to which the agreed objectives have been achieved. – The MBO cycle is repeated. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 6/ Slide 82 Research Evidence ? Research evidence shows clear productivity gains associated with MBO. ? A number of factors are associated with the failure of MBO programs: – Lack of mitment from top management. – An overemphasis on measurable objectives at the expense of more qualitative objectives. – Excessive shortterm orientation. – Performance review bees an exercise in browbeating or punishing employees for failure to achieve objectives. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 6/ Slide 83 Alternative Working Schedules as Motivators for a Diverse Workforce ? Many anizations have modified traditional working schedules. ? The purpose is to meet diverse workforce needs and promote job satisfaction. ? Alternative working schedules can also facilitate recruitment and reduce costly absenteeism and turnover. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 6/ Slide 84 Alternative Working Schedules ? Flextime ? Compressed workweek ? Job and work sharing ? Telemuting Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 6/ Slide 85 FlexTime ? An alternative work schedule in which arrival and quitting times are flexible. ? Flextime is well suited to meeting the needs of a diverse workforce and is most frequently implemented in office environments. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 6/ Slide 86 FlexTime: Research Evidence ? Employees prefer it pared to fixed hours. ? Work attitudes are more positive. ? Has a positive effect on productivity, job satisfaction, and satisfaction with work schedule. ? Lowers employee absenteeism. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 6/ Slide 87 Compressed Workweek ? An alternative work schedule in which employees work fewer than the normal five days a week but still put in a normal number of hours per week. ? The most mon pressed workweek is the 440 system. ? Potential roadblocks to implementation: – Possible reduced customer service – Negative effects of fatigue Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 6/ Slide 88 Compressed Workweek: Research Evidence ? Research shows a positive effect on job satisfaction and satisfaction with work schedule but no effect on absenteeism or productivity. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 6/ Slide 89 Job and Work Sharing ? Job sharing is an alternative work schedule in which two parttime employees divide the work of a fulltime job. ? Work sharing involves reducing the number of hours employees work to avoid layoffs when there is a reduction in normal business activity. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 6/ Slide 90 Job and Work Sharing: Research Evidence ? Work sharing cuts costs, saves jobs, avoids layoffs and allows anizations to retain skilled workers. ? Job sharing can result in coordination