【正文】 different parts of the plant, temporary lines will need to be installed. 油聯(lián)運(yùn) (b) Solvent Simulated Operations (b) ?如有多種工藝溶劑，在此階段則只引進(jìn)一種 ?Introduce the process solvent. (if there is more than one, introduce only one at this stage)。 ?重復(fù)執(zhí)行水聯(lián)運(yùn)的程序 ?The testing procedure used for the Safe Fluid Simulated Operations is repeated for the Solvent Simulated Operations 。 ?在完成已引入第一種溶劑的試驗(yàn)程序后，可引入第二種溶劑（如有多種溶劑） ?After operations with the first solvent have been brought pletely under control, should the second solvent be introduced (if there is more than one). 油聯(lián)運(yùn) (c) Solvent Simulated Operations (c) ?工藝溶劑動(dòng)態(tài)模擬試驗(yàn)的目的是在引入更危險(xiǎn)的工藝流體前，在設(shè)計(jì)條件或接近設(shè)計(jì)的條件下檢驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)的各設(shè)備及各儀表回路 ? The purpose of dynamic testing with a solvent is to check out equipment and instrument loops at, or near design conditions prior to the introduction of more hazardous process fluid。 ?在這類試驗(yàn)中，不允許有化學(xué)反應(yīng)發(fā)生，以確保試驗(yàn)流體的成分和性質(zhì)在預(yù)知的范圍內(nèi) ? No reactions should be allowed to occur during these tests, so as to ensure that test fluids remain predictable in position and properties。 ?應(yīng)遵守安全試驗(yàn)的規(guī)則 ? Guidelines used for safetesting apply。 ?應(yīng)制定溶劑引入系統(tǒng)及退出系統(tǒng)的方案 ? Need to plan how solvent will be fed into the system and later removed. 油聯(lián)運(yùn)的步驟 (a) Stages of Solvent Simulated Operations (a) ?將系統(tǒng)內(nèi)上一階段試驗(yàn)用的安全流體放凈并置換出空氣 ? Drain safe fluid and purge air used in the previous test from the system。 ?如安全流體為水，則需要干燥。并檢查易于積水的各處確認(rèn)干燥效果 ? Dry out equipment where safe fluid was water. Check flow sheets for where water is likely to accumulate. ?將溶劑引入系統(tǒng)，按規(guī)程或條例檢查確認(rèn)排空口和放凈口已關(guān)閉 ? Fill systems with the solvent. Ensure provisions made for venting and drains closed。 ?當(dāng)達(dá)到合適的液位后，啟動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的泵或壓縮機(jī)完成溶劑的引入 ? When adequate levels established, place pumps and pressors online to plete filling。 ?開始閉路循環(huán) ? Start closed loop circulation。 ?將回流、再沸及冷凝部分投入運(yùn)行，將系統(tǒng)加熱至模擬運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的工況 ? Heat up the systems to simulate operating conditions by placing reflux, reboiler and condensation sections into operation. 油聯(lián)運(yùn)的步驟 (b) Stages of Solvent Simulated Operations (b) ? 系統(tǒng)地檢查儀表及控制回路 ? Systematically check out instrumentation and control loops。 ? 完成儀表及控制回路檢查后，盡可能多地將其投入自動(dòng)控制 ? After instruments have checked out, place as many as possible on automatic control。 ? 各操作班實(shí)踐各個(gè)設(shè)備的啟動(dòng)、停車及系統(tǒng)的溫度升降 ? All shifts should go through starting and stopping equipment, heating and cooling closed loop systems。 ? 在引入真實(shí)物料前，溶劑動(dòng)態(tài)試驗(yàn)為操作培訓(xùn)提供了最好的機(jī)會(huì) ? Solvent Simulated Operations offer the best opportunity for operator training before the ―real thing‖。 ? 將操控設(shè)備在盡可能地接近設(shè)計(jì)的工況 ? Operate equipment as near as possible to design capacities。 ? 檢驗(yàn)緊急停車系統(tǒng)和報(bào)警系統(tǒng)的實(shí)際工作性能 ? Reliability of emergency shutdown systems and alarms must be proven。 ? 在全量程范圍內(nèi)校對(duì)關(guān)鍵儀表 ? Critical instruments must be calibrated over their full range. 油聯(lián)運(yùn)的步驟 (c) Stages of Solvent Simulated Operations (c) ?精心操作設(shè)備謹(jǐn)慎接近其下列運(yùn)行極限區(qū) ? Deliberately operate equipment near its limits: ?泛塔（淹塔） ? Flood columns。 ?壓縮機(jī)的微喘振區(qū)和喘振區(qū)并繪制喘振曲線 ? Ease pressors into mild surges and plot surge curves。 ?冷凝器過載 ? Overload condensers。 ?不必過分擔(dān)心一兩個(gè)安全閥起跳 ? Do not fear blowing a relief valve or two! ?所有的試驗(yàn)完成后，裝置才可投入初次運(yùn)行 ? After tests have been pleted, plant should be ready for initial operation. 工藝流體閉環(huán)聯(lián)運(yùn) Closed Loop Dynamic Testing with Process Fluid ?最后向系統(tǒng)引入工藝過程流體 ? Finally, introduce process fluid。 ?對(duì)所有流量、溫度及壓力的儀表進(jìn)行全量程的校對(duì) ? During this step, instruments should be calibrated to cover their full range of flow, temperature and pressure。 ?確保儀表、在線分析儀器及安全裝置處在良好的工作狀態(tài) ? Ensure that instruments, process analysers and safety devices are kept work properly during these processes。 ?工藝流體引入并達(dá)到系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)，完全可控時(shí)，方可開始初次化工投料試車 ? After operations with process fluid are brought pletely under control, if the final stage of startup should be attempted. 工藝流體引入的準(zhǔn)備 Preparing to introduce process fluids ?危險(xiǎn)流體引入裝置前，應(yīng)完成附加的壓力或氣密試驗(yàn)及置換。 ?Before introducing hazardous liquids into the plant, we plete additional pressure testing and purging。 ?需檢查確認(rèn)有無由于動(dòng)態(tài)試驗(yàn)造成的應(yīng)力損壞而引起的泄露，并修復(fù)之。 ?Need to check that the stresses and strains of dynamic testing has not caused any leaks – these must be found and fixed。 催化劑的裝填 ?裝填工具的準(zhǔn)備 ?反應(yīng)器的檢查、清理 ?按供貨廠商的要求裝填 ?催化劑的保護(hù) ?裝填后的檢查 ?活化或再生 置換及泄露試驗(yàn) Purging and leaks testing ?反復(fù)用氮?dú)獬鋲杭靶箟簬状危敝料到y(tǒng)含氧量低于規(guī)定 ? Consists of pressuring and depressuring with nitrogen several times, until the limitation of oxygen is reached。 ?真空系統(tǒng)需反復(fù)抽真空及用氮?dú)獬淙? ? Vacuum systems should be evacuated and then repressured with nitrogen。 ?長距離的輸送管線需用氮?dú)鈷呔€ ? Long runs of piping are swept with nitrogen。 ?關(guān)閉系統(tǒng)放空及放凈閥，監(jiān)督在壓力下封閉系統(tǒng)壓力下降的速率以檢查泄露量 ? While under pressure, rate of pressure loss of the ―blocked in‖ system is monitored as a check for leaks and that no vents or drains have been left open. 熱試車（化工投料試車） 作業(yè)流程 第五部分 熱試車（化工投料試車） Hotmissioning ? 引入工藝介質(zhì) ? Introduction of process fluid ? 開車（化工投料） ? Startup ? 初次運(yùn)行 ? Initial operation ? 故障診斷及問題整改 ? Troubleshooting and problem correction. ? 裝置滿負(fù)荷運(yùn)行 ? Plant taken to full operations. 策劃及準(zhǔn)備 Preparation and Planning 機(jī)械竣工、預(yù)試車及其檢查 Mechanical Completion Premissioning 聯(lián)動(dòng)試車（冷試車） Coldmissioning 性能考核及驗(yàn)收 Performance Test Acceptance 熱試車（化工投料試車） Hotmissioning 試車后活動(dòng) Post Commissioning 熱試車 的邏輯順序 (a) The Logic of Hotmissioning (a) 大多數(shù)石化 /化工裝置的工藝順序如下： Most plants in petrochemical/chemical industry have the following ―general‖ form： ―開車”一般采用從后至前的“倒開車”順序 Start Up from the End to Beginning of the Process. 也有例外！ 原料準(zhǔn)備 或處理 Feed Preparation 反應(yīng) Reaction 回收 Recovery 產(chǎn)品精制 Product Refining 熱試車 的邏輯順序 (b) The Logic of Hotmissioning (b) ?通常是買進(jìn)原料先啟動(dòng)工藝過程的最后部分，再由后向前推進(jìn)，俗稱“到開車”。例如： ? It is mon practice to buy in product and start up the last past of the process first and work backwards to the front. .: ?先啟動(dòng)最后一步的產(chǎn)品精制工序，直至流程順暢可控 ? Start up product refining,