【正文】 viors of young childrenB. ways to train children’s shared intentionalityC. cooperation as a distinctive human natureD. the development of intelligence in children【答案】 【名師點睛】本文屬于主旨大意題。本文使用了正方形寫作法。即中心主題隱含在全文之中，沒有明確的主題句。閱讀這樣的文章，就要求考生根據(jù)文章的細節(jié)來分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾個方面的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后加以歸納形成主題。該類型的試題則迎刃而解。注意總結(jié)性的提示詞和轉(zhuǎn)折詞，特別要注意中心句。（自然段少的文章中心句不很明顯。自然段多的文章，則比較好聯(lián)系中心句，找一個和中心句最貼近的選項），文章段落的中間部分則可采用略讀或掃讀的方式，一則省時間，二則目標(biāo)明確，正確率自然也相應(yīng)提高了。掌握了找主題句或中心句的方法，就可以依據(jù)主題句或中心句歸納主題?？忌貏e注意：首段陷阱。即首段雖然貌似主題句或中心句，但卻沒有完整概括文章全意，或只片面地說到文章的某一個層次，或者是作者設(shè)置的幾個需要讀者判定的文意。這樣的信息用來做主題句或中心句就會落入陷阱。以本文為例：本文的第一段只是一個導(dǎo)入的段落，從第一段中猩猩的自私行為導(dǎo)入到第三段中人類無私幫助他人的本能，分析了人類愿意幫助他人、愿意與他人合作的本能天性的原因?？键c：考查科普說明文閱讀CEl Nifio, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fisherman who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Nifio sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.The weather effects both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Nifio, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Nifio in 1997 helped American’s economy grow by 15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvest, farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural in rich countries in growth than the fall in poor ones.But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multiyear drought (干旱）in southeast Brazil is being worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Nino may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.The most recent powerful Nino, in 199798, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Ninos e with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disasterrelief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on riskreduction saves at least two on reconstruction.Simple improvements to infrastructure (基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道）make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and coauthors, civil conflict is related to El Nino’s harmful effects—and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided munities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.61. What can we learn about El Nino in Paragraph 1?A. It is named after a South American fisherman.B. It takes place almost every year all over the world.C. It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.D. It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.62. What may El Ninos bring about to the countries affected?A. Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.B. Droughts bee more harmful than floods.C. Rich countries’ gains are greater than their losses.D. Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically.63. The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that_________.A. more investment should go to risk reductionB. governments of poor countries need more aidC. victims of El Nino deserve more pensationD. recovery and reconstruction should e first64. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A. To introduce El Nino and its origin.B. To explain the consequences of El Nino.C. To show ways of fighting against El Nino.D. To urge people to prepare for El Nino.【答案】 【名師點睛】本文屬于閱讀理解中的目的意圖題。作者在描述事實或傳遞信息時,不管他的意圖是什么,其觀點和態(tài)度都不可避免地在文章中反映出來?常見的涉及到作者態(tài)度的詞有褒義類詞（approving,positive,optimistic,等），貶義類詞(critical,pessimistic,doubtful,questioning)和中性類詞(indifferent,serious,objective,concerned,neutral)。這就要求考生在閱讀時應(yīng)特別注意文章的措辭,尤其注意那些表達感情色彩的形容詞如improving,encouraging,disappointing,fail,ignore等，以及作者對人物語言?行為和思想的描寫,從中領(lǐng)悟作者的寫作意圖和態(tài)度?本文最后一句Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the ，那么我們要把減少損失放在首要位置。從本句的措詞中可以看出本文正是要敦促我們要為可能發(fā)生的厄爾尼諾做好準(zhǔn)備?？键c：考查科普說明文閱讀DNot so long ago, most people didn’t know who Shelly Ann Francis Pryce was going to bee. She was just an average high school athlete. There was every indication that she was just another American teenager without much of a future. However, one person wants to change this. Stephen Francis observed then eighteenyearold Shelly Ann as a track meet and was convinced that he had seen the beginning of true greatness. Her time were not exactly impressive, but even so, he seemed there was something trying to get out, something the other coaches had overlooked when they had assessed her and found her lacking. He decided to offer Shelly Ann a place in his very strict training seasons. Their cooperation quickly produced results, and a few year later at Jamaica’s Olympic games in early 2008, Shelly Ann, who at that time only ranked number 70 in the world, beat Jamaica’s unchallenged queen of the sprint(短跑).“Where did she e from?” asked an astonished sprinting world, before concluding that she must be one of those onehit wonders that spring up from time to time, only to disappear again without signs. But Shelly Ann was to prove that she was anything but a onehit wonder. At the Beijing Olympic she swept away any doubts about her ability to perform consistently by being the first Jamaican woman ever to win the 100 meters Olympic gold. She did it again one year on at the World Championship in Briton, being world champion with a time of the fourth record ever.ShellyAnn is a little w