【正文】 hechimpsonthephysicalworldtests,butwereconsiderablybetteratunderstandingthesocialworldThe cure of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t in what Tomasello calls what. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.58. What can we learn from the experiment with chimps? A. Chimps seldom care about others’ interests.B. Chimps tend to provide food for their children.C. Chimps like to take in their neighbors’ food.D. Chimps naturally share food with each other.59. Michael Tomasello’s tests on young children indicate that they____. A. have the instinct to help othersB. know how to offer help to adultsC. know the world better than chimpsD. trust adults with their hands full60. The passage is mainly about ____. A. the helping behaviors of young childrenB. ways to train children’s shared intentionalityC. cooperation as a distinctive human natureD. the development of intelligence in children【答案】 【解析】58. A 事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞the experiment with chimps定位文章第二段，由第二段第一句話 “chimps don’t naturally share food either”可知D選項錯誤。B選項說的是黑猩猩傾向給孩子提供食物，C選項說的是黑猩猩喜歡吸收鄰居的食物，此段均沒提及，只是說 “he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.” 所以BC錯誤。59. A 事實細節(jié)+推理判斷題。由人名定位到第三段第三行，根據(jù)第三段最后一句話的意思“當18個月大的看見沒有關(guān)系的成年人雙手拿滿東西又嘗試去開門的時候，嬰兒幾乎會立刻去幫忙”以及第四段第一句話“有幾個原因解釋幫助、告知、分享的欲望不是被教會的，而是年輕孩子天生就具備的”，可推知A選項年輕孩子有幫助其他人的本能是正確的；B選項，文中并沒有說孩子知道如何給成年人提供幫助；C選項，文章也沒說到孩子比黑猩猩更好地了解這個世界；D選項，文中沒提到孩子如何相信成人，無中生有。所以選A60. C 主旨大意題。結(jié)合文章大意，A選項說年輕孩子幫助別人的習慣，原文只是說孩子區(qū)別于黑猩猩的一方面是小孩子會本能地幫助別人，但并沒主要講幫助別人的習慣。B選項說是訓練孩子具備分享意識的方法，文章并沒有花篇幅提到訓練的方法。D選項說文章講兒童智力的發(fā)展，更加違背全文大意。C選項說文章主要講作為人區(qū)別于黑猩猩的主要特征之合作，符合文章大意，故正確答案為C【名師點睛】本文屬于主旨大意題。本文使用了正方形寫作法。即中心主題隱含在全文之中，沒有明確的主題句。閱讀這樣的文章，就要求考生根據(jù)文章的細節(jié)來分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾個方面的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后加以歸納形成主題。該類型的試題則迎刃而解。注意總結(jié)性的提示詞和轉(zhuǎn)折詞，特別要注意中心句。（自然段少的文章中心句不很明顯。自然段多的文章，則比較好聯(lián)系中心句，找一個和中心句最貼近的選項），文章段落的中間部分則可采用略讀或掃讀的方式，一則省時間，二則目標明確，正確率自然也相應提高了。掌握了找主題句或中心句的方法，就可以依據(jù)主題句或中心句歸納主題?？忌貏e注意：首段陷阱。即首段雖然貌似主題句或中心句，但卻沒有完整概括文章全意，或只片面地說到文章的某一個層次，或者是作者設(shè)置的幾個需要讀者判定的文意。這樣的信息用來做主題句或中心句就會落入陷阱。以本文為例：本文的第一段只是一個導入的段落，從第一段中猩猩的自私行為導入到第三段中人類無私幫助他人的本能，分析了人類愿意幫助他人、愿意與他人合作的本能天性的原因?？键c：考查科普說明文閱讀CEl Nifio, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fisherman who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Nifio sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.The weather effects both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Nifio, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Nifio in 1997 helped American’s economy grow by 15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvest, farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural in rich countries in growth than the fall in poor ones.But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multiyear drought (干旱）in southeast Brazil is being worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Nino may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.The most recent powerful Nino, in 199798, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Ninos e with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disasterrelief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on riskreduction saves at least two on reconstruction.Simple improvements to infrastructure (基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道）make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and coauthors, civil conflict is related to El Nino’s harmful effects—and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided munities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.61. What can we learn about El Nino in Paragraph 1?A. It is named after a South American fisherman.B. It takes place almost every year all over the world.C. It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.D. It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.62. What may El Ninos bring about to the countries affected?A. Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.B. Droughts bee more harmful than floods.C. Rich countries’ gains are greater than their losses.D. Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically.63. The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that_________.A. more investment should go to risk reductionB. governments of poor countries need more aidC. victims of El Nino deserve more pensationD. recovery and reconstruction should e first64. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A. To introduce El Nino and its origin.B. To explain the consequences of El Nino.C. To show ways of fighting against El Nino.D. To urge people to prepare for El Nino.【答案】 【解析】61. D 事實細節(jié)題。A選項偷換概念：El Nino是由fisherman命名(was named by)而不是以fisherman的名字命名(was named after)；B選項，根據(jù)文中 “happens every two to seven years”可知B錯誤；C選項，El Nino會 “reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas”，選項含義未表明；D選項，根據(jù)第一段最后一句對厄爾尼諾的解釋和D項吻合，故D正確。62. C 事實細節(jié)題。C選項：根據(jù)第二段 “rich countries gain more from powerful Ninos, on balance, than they lose.” 可知C選項正確。其它三個選項比較片面，文中并未明確表明。63. A 事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第四段最后兩句，只有12%