競爭性市場ppt課件-資料下載頁
2025-05-02 06:53本頁面
【正文】 b) ShortRun Response 短期反應(yīng) Quantity (firm) 0 Price P 1 Quantity (market) Longrun supply Price 0 D 1 D 2 P1 S 1 P 2 Q 1 A Q 2 P 2 B ATC MC An increase in market demand… …raises price and output. The higher P encourages firms to produce more… …and generates short run profit. 169。 2022 Thomson SouthWestern Figure 8 An Increase in Demand in the Short Run and Long Run 圖 8： 短期與長期中的需求增加 P 1 Firm (c) LongRun Response 長期反應(yīng) Quantity (firm) 0 Price MC ATC Market Quantity (market) Price 0 P 1 P2 Q1 Q2 Longrun supply B D1 D 2 S1 A S 2 Q 3 C Profits induce entry and market supply increases. 利潤引致進(jìn)入和市場供給增加 The increase in supply lowers market price. 供給增加減低市場價格 In the long run market price is restored, but market supply is greater. 169。 2022 Thomson SouthWestern Why the LongRun Supply Curve Might Slope Upward 為什么長期供給曲線會向上傾斜？ ? Some resources used in production may be available only in limited quantities. ? 生產(chǎn)中使用的某些資源也許只能以有限的數(shù)量獲得 ? Firms may have different costs. ? 企業(yè)也許具有不同的成本 ? Marginal Firm 邊際企業(yè) ? The marginal firm is the firm that would exit the market if the price were any lower. ? 邊際企業(yè)是在價格降低時會退出市場的企業(yè) Summary 169。 2022 Thomson SouthWestern ? Because a petitive firm is a price taker, its revenue is proportional to the amount of output it produces. ? 因?yàn)楦偁幮云髽I(yè)是價格接受者，它的收益是與其生產(chǎn)的數(shù)量成比例的。 ? The price of the good equals both the firm’s average revenue and its marginal revenue. ? 商品的價格等于企業(yè)的平均收益和它的邊際收益 Summary 169。 2022 Thomson SouthWestern ? To maximize profit, a firm chooses the quantity of output such that marginal revenue equals marginal cost. ? 為了達(dá)到利潤最大化，企業(yè)選擇使得邊際收益等于邊際成本的產(chǎn)出數(shù)量。 ? This is also the quantity at which price equals marginal cost. ? 這也是價格等于邊際成本時的數(shù)量 ? Therefore, the firm’s marginal cost curve is its supply curve. ? 因此，企業(yè)的邊際成本曲線就是其供給曲線。 Summary 169。 2022 Thomson SouthWestern ? In the short run, when a firm cannot recover its fixed costs, the firm will choose to shut down temporarily if the price of the good is less than average variable cost. ? 在短期中，當(dāng)某一企業(yè)不能覆蓋其固定成本時，如果商品的價格低于平均可變成本時，企業(yè)將選擇暫時關(guān)閉。 ? In the long run, when the firm can recover both fixed and variable costs, it will choose to exit if the price is less than average total cost. ? 在長期中，當(dāng)企業(yè)能夠覆蓋固定成本和可變成本時，如果價格低于平均總成本時，它將選擇退出。 Summary 169。 2022 Thomson SouthWestern ? In a market with free entry and exit, profits are driven to zero in the long run and all firms produce at the efficient scale. ? 在自由進(jìn)入與退出的市場中，利潤在長期中趨向于零，并且所有企業(yè)都在有效規(guī)模水平上生產(chǎn)。 ? Changes in demand have different effects over different time 應(yīng)。 ? In the long run, the number of firms adjusts to drive the market back to the zeroprofit equilibrium. ? 在長期中，企業(yè)的數(shù)量調(diào)整到把市場驅(qū)趕到零利潤均衡。
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