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公共管理英語各單元全文翻譯-資料下載頁

2025-04-06 12:13本頁面
  

【正文】 ants to more effective political supervision and control, can we simultaneously gift them greater freedom and flexibility to manage? The optimists will say yes, by laying down a clearer, simpler framework of rules within which managers can get creative. The skeptic will say no, pointing to survey evidence that the managers themselves think that political leave well alone in politically sensitive operations such as social security, health care, education or the prison service. 此外,即使一項很特殊的關(guān)于一個或兩個上面提到過的目標的(儲蓄、發(fā)言權(quán)和質(zhì)量的提高)改革很明顯地“成功了”,它也未必會全部成功。確實,稍后我們會爭論在管理上的變化上某些交易和困難抉擇是非常普遍的,所以從其他方面而言,一個或者兩個特別結(jié)果的取得對于一個較低的成績來說是很值得的。“在官僚機構(gòu)中統(tǒng)治特殊決定制訂者的規(guī)則是靠有選擇地打擊鎮(zhèn)壓某段時間的某個目標來維持的,操縱平衡而不必承認在某標準上很緊繃但在另外一個很松弛”。例如,如果我們在更加有效的政治監(jiān)督和控制上受公仆的影響,我們能同時給予他們管理上更大的自由和彈性嗎?樂天派會點頭稱是,他們會放棄一個更加清晰和簡單的規(guī)則框架,盡管在該框架內(nèi)管理者能更加有創(chuàng)造力。懷疑論持有者會大搖其頭,指出這樣的調(diào)查證據(jù),管理者他們自己會認為在政治上的敏感操作諸如社會安全、健康保健、教育和監(jiān)獄服務可以撒手不管。 In any case, public management reform is only one way to achieve most of the desirable ends identified in the first paragraph. To be adequate, any account of its nature will need tothat governmental performance can be improved by a variety of routes and that management reform is frequently undertaken 與?相結(jié)合 other types of policy initiative. Comparing administrative developments in a number of countries one academic observed recently: Administrative reform.., is a subject of all policy performance, not a separable set of technical efforts.無論如何,公共管理改革是能取得大多數(shù)那些在第一段提到的令人滿意的結(jié)果的唯一途徑。恰當?shù)卣f,任何理由都應該考慮在內(nèi),通過一系列線路,政府的表現(xiàn)能夠提高,管理改革頻繁地承諾和其他種類的主動政策結(jié)合在一起。對于在許多國家中比較的行政管理的發(fā)展,目前某一理論這樣評論道“管理改革,是所有政策執(zhí)行的主題,而不是一套可分的技術(shù)成就”。Other routes to improved government performance include political reforms (such as changes in electoral systems or legislative procedures) and substantive changes in key policies (such as new macroeconomics management policies, labor market reforms or fundamental changes in social policy). The example of New Zealandwhich bined management reforms with fundamental changes in both macroeconomic policies and, later, the electoral systemwas alluded to in our introduction. 其他的可提高政府表現(xiàn)的線路包括政治改革(例如選舉體系或立法程序中的變化)和關(guān)鍵政策上的實質(zhì)性變革(例如宏觀經(jīng)濟學管理政策、勞動市場改革或社會政策上的基本變革)。正如在我們的介紹中間接提到的新西蘭的例子一樣,管理改革和兩方面的基本變化結(jié)合在了一起:整體經(jīng)濟政策和其后的選舉制度。To make matters more plicated still, there is, as mentators have noticed, a delay which affects a good deal of public management reform. The full benefits of major changes in the processes and structures of public agencies normally cannot be harvested until three, four, five or even more years after a reform programs has been launched. To begin with, new legislation might formulate and refine new operating procedures, train staff how to work with them, define new roles and the appropriate , set new measurement systems in place, inform service users and other stakeholders賭金保管者, and work hard to reduce the anxiety all novelties have probably caused, both among users and among staff. But this is not the kind of timescale that most senior politicians are fortable with. Their focus is more intensely shortterm: on the next election, the next government reshuffle改組, or even today39。s television news. The searchlight of political attention moves about from one issue to another much more quickly than plex organizational change can be acplished between the politician39。s need for 39。 something to show now39。 and the organization reform39。s need for time, mitment承諾 and continuity has probably grown the general intensification and acceleration of political process in many western democracies. 正如講解員注意到的那樣,使問題變的更加撲朔迷離的是,延期極大地影響了公共管理改革。公共代理的過程和結(jié)構(gòu)中的主要變化帶來的全部利益正常而言是無法獲得的,直到一次改革過程開始后的三年、四年、五年或者更長時間。首先,新的立法是迫切需要的,然后很必要地需要分析情形,隨后需要設計、闡明、精煉新的操作程序,訓練員工如何與其工作,詳細說明新的角色、適當?shù)某陝诤驮u估體系,地域上制訂新的測量體系,通知服務使用者和其他賭金保管者,然后努力減少所有新奇可能引起的焦慮不安,不管是使用者還是員工。但是這個并不是最頂級的政治家認可的那種時間進度表。他們的焦點更加熱情地停留在短期上面:在下一屆選舉、下一任政府改組或者是今天的電視新聞。在西方的民主政治中,由于一般政治進程的激烈度和加速度變化的結(jié)果,政治關(guān)注的探照燈從一件事情轉(zhuǎn)移到另一件的速度比不同的政治家之間需要某物來顯示現(xiàn)在的和組織改革的對時間、許諾和連續(xù)性很可能的增長的需要的需求之間復雜的組織變化能達到的程度快多了。Unit 3Reform of the Administration andLocal Public Services: IntroductionSince the 1980s, a strong movement for the reform and modernization of public administrations has been developing. Decentralization分權(quán)化 and liberalization自由化allowing market forces to operate in the provision of public services—constitute two significant thrusts沖擊 of these reforms. An analysis of developments in France and Spain clearly illustrateno doubts about this diagnosis診斷 in those regions. Although decentralization has fundamentally been a national choice, and even a choice of the Constitution in Spain, the liberalization of public services has been linked to Community integration and to the process of opening up markets that it has brought about.The modernization of local management has not always conformed to a consistent, global plan but rather to impetuses推動力,刺激 arising from the 長期的壓力 between the instability of local tax revenue年財政收入 and the growing demands on municipal services. Yet in the United Kingdom, a considerable continuity of concept has been evident since the late 1970s, aimed at introducing a 39。new kind of public management39。 inspired by the practices of private enterprise, which is increasingly distancing the British Civil Service from the great principles on which it had been founded since the mid19th century.Yet decentralization presupposed a strong revival復興,恢復 of local democracy and the local government representatives that it produced quickly assumed their new responsibilities. The consolidation聯(lián)合,統(tǒng)一 of local autonomy自治( 權(quán))or of free administrationassumed that real public policies would be put in place in many and varied fields (social services, economic development, culture, infrastructure基礎設施 and town planning and environmental protection). Thus, the general jurisdiction司法權(quán),裁判權(quán) clause gradually became established in the three countries, although it was recognized by law in the United Kingdom only by the Local Government Act 2000. This principle constitutes the foundation of the creation of services not provided for by law. It forms
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