【正文】 ke government more transparent and boost推進(jìn) the images of those ministers and mandarins普通話 most involved, then it is little wonder that it has been widely trumpeted慶祝，祝賀. Unfortunately, however, matters are not so simple. There is a good deal of evidence to how that management reforms can go wrong. They may produce the claimed需要的 benefits. They may even generate perverse不正當(dāng)?shù)?effects that render表現(xiàn)出 the relevant administrative progresses worse (in some important senses) than they were previously. When a local authority home help (domestic care) service for elderly and disabled people is reshaped改造，再形成 along 準(zhǔn)市場機(jī)制, with a split口子 between the authority purchasing the service and the providing it, we may consider this a typical reform. When, however, we discover that the contract合同 for the service is 700 pages long and that the actual service provided seems to have changed very little in either quality or quantity, then doubt sets in. we wonder if more trust between the parties concerned might not be a more efficient option選擇. enabling a much shorter contract (or no contract at all) and radically根本上 reduced monitoring costs. 如果公共管理改革真的能產(chǎn)生一個更低價的、更高效的政府，擁有高質(zhì)量的服務(wù)和更加有效的計劃，并且如果它同時地能增強(qiáng)政治控制力、讓自由的管理者來管理，使政府更加透明并且提高那些有關(guān)乎大臣們和官吏們的形象，這樣的話大肆吹捧還沒有什么疑問。他們甚至可能有不正當(dāng)?shù)呐斫o予相關(guān)的管理進(jìn)步補(bǔ)償（更重要的），比他們以前更加可惡。我們會想知道是否有關(guān)的在黨派之間的更多的信任是一個更加有效的選擇?！霸诠倭艡C(jī)構(gòu)中統(tǒng)治特殊決定制訂者的規(guī)則是靠有選擇地打擊鎮(zhèn)壓某段時間的某個目標(biāo)來維持的，操縱平衡而不必承認(rèn)在某標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上很緊繃但在另外一個很松弛”。恰當(dāng)?shù)卣f，任何理由都應(yīng)該考慮在內(nèi)，通過一系列線路，政府的表現(xiàn)能夠提高，管理改革頻繁地承諾和其他種類的主動政策結(jié)合在一起。To make matters more plicated still, there is, as mentators have noticed, a delay which affects a good deal of public management reform. The full benefits of major changes in the processes and structures of public agencies normally cannot be harvested until three, four, five or even more years after a reform programs has been launched. To begin with, new legislation might formulate and refine new operating procedures, train staff how to work with them, define new roles and the appropriate , set new measurement systems in place, inform service users and other stakeholders賭金保管者, and work hard to reduce the anxiety all novelties have probably caused, both among users and among staff. But this is not the kind of timescale that most senior politicians are fortable with. Their focus is more intensely shortterm: on the next election, the next government reshuffle改組, or even today39。 and the organization reform39。但是這個并不是最頂級的政治家認(rèn)可的那種時間進(jìn)度表。new kind of public management39。在西方的民主政治中，由于一般政治進(jìn)程的激烈度和加速度變化的結(jié)果，政治關(guān)注的探照燈從一件事情轉(zhuǎn)移到另一件的速度比不同的政治家之間需要某物來顯示現(xiàn)在的和組織改革的對時間、許諾和連續(xù)性很可能的增長的需要的需求之間復(fù)雜的組織變化能達(dá)到的程度快多了。公共代理的過程和結(jié)構(gòu)中的主要變化帶來的全部利益正常而言是無法獲得的，直到一次改革過程開始后的三年、四年、五年或者更長時間。s need for 39。Other routes to improved government performance include political reforms (such as changes in electoral systems or legislative procedures) and substantive changes in key policies (such as new macroeconomics management policies, labor market reforms or fundamental changes in social policy). The example of New Zealandwhich bined management reforms with fundamental changes in both macroeconomic policies and, later, the electoral systemwas alluded to in our introduction. 其他的可提高政府表現(xiàn)的線路包括政治改革（例如選舉體系或立法程序中的變化）和關(guān)鍵政策上的實質(zhì)性變革（例如宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)管理政策、勞動市場改革或社會政策上的基本變革）。懷疑論持有者會大搖其頭，指出這樣的調(diào)查證據(jù)，管理者他們自己會認(rèn)為在政治上的敏感操作諸如社會安全、健康保健、教育和監(jiān)獄服務(wù)可以撒手不管。Furthermore, even if a particular reform clearly succeeds in respect of one or two of the objectives mentioned above (savings, say, and improvement in quality) it is unlikely that it will succeed in all. Indeed, we shall argue later that certain tradeoffs換位 and dilemmas進(jìn)退兩難的局面 are exceedingly非常地 mon in administrative change, so that the achievement of one or two particular ends might well be paid for by a lowered performance in other respects. rule over specialized decision makers in a bureaucracy對于決策者的官僚作風(fēng)的有關(guān)規(guī)定 is maintained by selective crackdowns打擊 衡without ever acknowledging that tightening up on one criterion implies slackening off放慢、減緩 on another. For example, if we subject public servants to more effective political supervision and control, can we simultaneously gift them greater freedom and flexibility to manage? The optimists will say yes, by laying down a clearer, simpler framework of rules within which managers can get creative. The skeptic will say no, pointing to survey evidence that the managers themselves think that political leave well alone in politically sensitive operations such as social security, health care, education or the prison service. 此外，即使一項很特殊的關(guān)于一個或兩個上面提到過的目標(biāo)的（儲蓄、發(fā)言權(quán)和質(zhì)量的提高）改革很明顯地“成功了”，它也未必會全部成功。我們可以認(rèn)為這是一種典型的“改革”。 有大量的證據(jù)可以說明管理改革是怎么樣變質(zhì)的。There are also legitimacy benefits for those senior officials who, almost invariably不變地, shaping and implementing such initiatives革新. They may gain in reputation by association with modernizing and streamlining使簡化 activities. 對于那些幾乎總是在對于主動的整修和執(zhí)行中起著重要作用的高級官員來說也有其合法的利益。宣布改革、責(zé)備官僚作風(fēng)、贊揚(yáng)新的管理方式、允諾為將來的改良的服務(wù)、調(diào)整部門和機(jī)構(gòu)。這些包括節(jié)省公眾支出、提高公共服務(wù)質(zhì)量、使政府運(yùn)作更加高效、增加被選擇和被執(zhí)行的政策會有效的機(jī)遇。單奇翔，北京市城市計劃委員會主任，說專家和公眾的看法在每一個關(guān)于城市建設(shè)的重要計劃達(dá)成一致以前都將匯集起來。”一個參觀者說。”北京市城市計劃委員會成員邱悅說。工程檢驗和批準(zhǔn)的程序和時間表、法律和規(guī)章制度、有關(guān)計劃的科技索引現(xiàn)在也同樣公諸于世，引起了市民的極大熱情。Open Urban PlanningOver the past two years, Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin have made public their city construction plan, a change from their former closeddoor working style. The procedures and timetable for the examination and approval of projects, regulations and laws, and technological indexes指數(shù) in relation to the projects are now also out in the open, much to the great enthusiasm of the citizens.Last October, Beijing held an exhibition on the overall city planning. During holidays and weekends, the 3000squaremeter hall received about 1500 people each day. We have not expected so many citizens to be so interested in city planning, said Qiu Yue, a member of the Beijing Municipal City Planning Committee.Many visitors filled thick suggestion books with feedback, providing constructive ideas, such as building another world trade center in the north。最后，網(wǎng)上事務(wù)處理網(wǎng)頁可以使用戶詢問某些情況并且下載網(wǎng)上表格和應(yīng)用軟件。法律和規(guī)章的頁面上介紹了各種規(guī)則和制度，上海摘要網(wǎng)頁提供了城市最新發(fā)展潮流的信息 ，投資網(wǎng)頁上提