【正文】 government of Xiaguan District, Nanjing City, in the residential munities of Xiaoshi and Rehenanlu（熱河南路） on October 16, 2000. The government set up its offices in a big hall to handle various administrative affairs, including more than 40 services related to 國內(nèi)事務(wù), employment, municipal construction, economy, handling of plaints and 法律執(zhí)行). It indeed has supermarket features of openness, efficiency and a variety of choice, hence the name, Supermarket of Administrative Affairs. Five other residential quarters followed suit a year later.The supermarket practices實(shí)施 a responsibility system to solve problems, and serve clients. In addition, supervision監(jiān)督 and feedback procedures have also been adopted. The system, which enables citizens to learn about government administrative affairs, contributes to the government39。于是她到行政事務(wù)“超市”尋求援助，在相關(guān)工作人員的幫助指導(dǎo)下，黃松姬很快就獲得了全部必須的手續(xù)。孫威，一個(gè)“超市”工作人員，說在過去政治是被鎖在辦公室的抽屜里的，現(xiàn)在它們則被張貼到墻上，清晰地反映了問題以及解決問題的可能時(shí)機(jī)。目前在五個(gè)‘超市’進(jìn)行的調(diào)查表明了公眾對(duì)于這一舉措都感到非常滿意。同時(shí)，為了顧客的利益，一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和統(tǒng)一的規(guī)章制度也會(huì)建立，相關(guān)的工作人員會(huì)佩帶姓名標(biāo)簽。但是，從20世紀(jì)80年代中期開始中國開始提倡辦公自動(dòng)化，直到1998年中國開始發(fā)展電子政府計(jì)劃，利用因特網(wǎng)來發(fā)布信息、處理日常的辦公事務(wù)和提供其他服務(wù)都促進(jìn)了政府部門中電子商務(wù)的發(fā)展。它的本國網(wǎng)頁上記載了今日事件，為主要活動(dòng)和事件提供信息，并且有各種各樣熱點(diǎn)話題討論的報(bào)道。此外，上海計(jì)劃在未來五年內(nèi)建立一個(gè)寬敞的入口，這樣它將是中國第一等的政府網(wǎng)站之一，并達(dá)到國際先進(jìn)水平。在假日和周末期間，3000平方米的展覽大廳每天要接待大約1500名參觀者。“開放城市計(jì)劃進(jìn)程可以極大地改善事態(tài)，因?yàn)橹饕臎Q定將接受專家的正式批準(zhǔn)、市民的建議和媒體的監(jiān)督。最后，應(yīng)該提一下管理改革的象征性的和合法的利益。If management reform really does produce 約型、高效的 government, with higherquality services and more effective programs, and if it will simultaneously同時(shí)地 enhance political control, free豐富的 managers to manage, make government more transparent and boost推進(jìn) the images of those ministers and mandarins普通話 most involved, then it is little wonder that it has been widely trumpeted慶祝，祝賀. Unfortunately, however, matters are not so simple. There is a good deal of evidence to how that management reforms can go wrong. They may produce the claimed需要的 benefits. They may even generate perverse不正當(dāng)?shù)?effects that render表現(xiàn)出 the relevant administrative progresses worse (in some important senses) than they were previously. When a local authority home help (domestic care) service for elderly and disabled people is reshaped改造，再形成 along 準(zhǔn)市場機(jī)制, with a split口子 between the authority purchasing the service and the providing it, we may consider this a typical reform. When, however, we discover that the contract合同 for the service is 700 pages long and that the actual service provided seems to have changed very little in either quality or quantity, then doubt sets in. we wonder if more trust between the parties concerned might not be a more efficient option選擇. enabling a much shorter contract (or no contract at all) and radically根本上 reduced monitoring costs. 如果公共管理改革真的能產(chǎn)生一個(gè)更低價(jià)的、更高效的政府，擁有高質(zhì)量的服務(wù)和更加有效的計(jì)劃，并且如果它同時(shí)地能增強(qiáng)政治控制力、讓自由的管理者來管理，使政府更加透明并且提高那些有關(guān)乎大臣們和官吏們的形象，這樣的話大肆吹捧還沒有什么疑問。我們會(huì)想知道是否有關(guān)的在黨派之間的更多的信任是一個(gè)更加有效的選擇。恰當(dāng)?shù)卣f，任何理由都應(yīng)該考慮在內(nèi)，通過一系列線路，政府的表現(xiàn)能夠提高，管理改革頻繁地承諾和其他種類的主動(dòng)政策結(jié)合在一起。 and the organization reform39。new kind of public management39。公共代理的過程和結(jié)構(gòu)中的主要變化帶來的全部利益正常而言是無法獲得的，直到一次改革過程開始后的三年、四年、五年或者更長時(shí)間。Other routes to improved government performance include political reforms (such as changes in electoral systems or legislative procedures) and substantive changes in key policies (such as new macroeconomics management policies, labor market reforms or fundamental changes in social policy). The example of New Zealandwhich bined management reforms with fundamental changes in both macroeconomic policies and, later, the electoral systemwas alluded to in our introduction. 其他的可提高政府表現(xiàn)的線路包括政治改革（例如選舉體系或立法程序中的變化）和關(guān)鍵政策上的實(shí)質(zhì)性變革（例如宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)管理政策、勞動(dòng)市場改革或社會(huì)政策上的基本變革）。Furthermore, even if a particular reform clearly succeeds in respect of one or two of the objectives mentioned above (savings, say, and improvement in quality) it is unlikely that it will succeed in all. Indeed, we shall argue later that certain tradeoffs換位 and dilemmas進(jìn)退兩難的局面 are exceedingly非常地 mon in administrative change, so that the achievement of one or two particular ends might well be paid for by a lowered performance in other respects. rule over specialized decision makers in a bureaucracy對(duì)于決策者的官僚作風(fēng)的有關(guān)規(guī)定 is maintained by selective crackdowns打擊 衡without ever acknowledging that tightening up on one criterion implies slackening off放慢、減緩 on another. For example, if we subject public servants to more effective political supervision and control, can we simultaneously gift them greater freedom and flexibility to manage? The optimists will say yes, by laying down a clearer, simpler framework of rules within which managers can get creative. The skeptic will say no, pointing to survey evidence that the managers themselves think that political leave well alone in politically sensitive operations such as social security, health care, education or the prison service. 此外，即使一項(xiàng)很特殊的關(guān)于一個(gè)或兩個(gè)上面提到過的目標(biāo)的（儲(chǔ)蓄、發(fā)言權(quán)和質(zhì)量的提高）改革很明顯地“成功了”，它也未必會(huì)全部成功。 有大量的證據(jù)可以說明管理改革是怎么樣變質(zhì)的。宣布改革、責(zé)備官僚作風(fēng)、贊揚(yáng)新的管理方式、允諾為將來的改良的服務(wù)、調(diào)整部門和機(jī)構(gòu)。單奇翔，北京市城市計(jì)劃委員會(huì)主任，說專家和公眾的看法在每一個(gè)關(guān)于城市建設(shè)的重要計(jì)劃達(dá)成一致以前都將匯集起來。”北京市城市計(jì)劃委員會(huì)成員邱悅說。Open Urban PlanningOver the past two years, Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin have made public their city construction plan, a change from their former closeddoor working style. The procedures and timetable for the examination and approval of projects, regulations and laws, and technological indexes指數(shù) in relation to the projects are now also out in the open, much to the great enthusiasm of the citizens.Last October, Beijing held an exhibition on the overall city planning. During holidays and weekends, the 3000squaremeter hall received about 1500 people each day. We have not expected so many citizens to be so interested in city planning, said Qiu Yue, a member of the Beijing Municipal City Planning Committee.Many visitors filled thick suggestion books with feedback, providing constructive ideas, such as building another world trade center in the north。法律和規(guī)章的頁面上介紹了各種規(guī)則和制度，上海摘要網(wǎng)頁提供了城市最新發(fā)展潮流的信息 ，投資網(wǎng)頁上提供了關(guān)于投資環(huán)境的信息和各種投資政策、介紹了市區(qū)建設(shè)計(jì)劃、浦東新區(qū)的發(fā)展、發(fā)展區(qū)的發(fā)展和投資計(jì)劃。首先，工業(yè)部、商業(yè)部、海關(guān)稅收部和公共安全部在加速電子商務(wù)的發(fā)展和執(zhí)行的步伐中起了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用。s Events, provides information on major act