【正文】 ve affairs行政事務(wù). The number of citizen listeners invited to very important meeting can vary. The listeners can be deputies（代表） to the city39。旁聽者可能是市人大代表、政協(xié)委員、民主黨派成員、工商企業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)的成員和其他人士等等。All affairs relating to laws and regulations and to administrative decisions that people must follow, as long as they do not involve secrets of the Party or the Central Government, should be open to the public. Contents are as follows: 只要不涉及到黨和政府的機(jī)密，所有要求老百姓遵照?qǐng)?zhí)行的法律法規(guī)、行政決定等事務(wù)性會(huì)議，都應(yīng)該向老百姓公開。Major capital construction projects and their bidding。Law enforcement in relation to the interests and rights of citizens, legal persons and organizations。 管理職能以及官方的責(zé)任Working content, conditions, procedures and timetable as well as the result。 and other issues.Knowing government administration is one of people39。s transformation of government functions that of its economic growth.A fresh move, the opening of government administration still needs improvement. Experts the state to place great importance on the issue by setting up special department to handle related affairs, and devising （制定）a law on opening government administrations. 第一篇：開放式的公眾管理感謝政府日前的開放其行政管理的努力，邀請(qǐng)市民旁聽行政會(huì)議的建議被采納并且在2001年12月16日得到落實(shí)，安徽省蚌埠市的公民現(xiàn)在有機(jī)會(huì)出席參加市政府會(huì)議。他們必須年滿18周歲并且愿意出席此種會(huì)議。具體如下：社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、工作目標(biāo)及其具體實(shí)施的策略；制定重大方針政策的程序；財(cái)政預(yù)算及其執(zhí)行；特別基金和重要物資購買的分配和使用；主要建設(shè)工程的資本和招標(biāo)；政府向公眾的承諾及其執(zhí)行實(shí)施；有關(guān)公民、法人和組織的利益及權(quán)利的法律執(zhí)行；主要事件的處理情況；官員的選舉和任命，人民公仆的任職和模范工人的評(píng)價(jià)，機(jī)構(gòu)改革中工人和職員的調(diào)任和其他公眾關(guān)注的內(nèi)容；行政功能和公務(wù)職責(zé)；工作內(nèi)容、條件、程序、時(shí)間表以及結(jié)果；工作原則、承諾和對(duì)違背承諾的上訴以及案件的調(diào)查結(jié)果。同時(shí)，被書寫在大部分的文件中的開放式行政管理也是WTO的主要規(guī)則。專家呼吁我們應(yīng)該并且給予特別重視來建立專門機(jī)構(gòu)來處理相關(guān)事務(wù)，并且出臺(tái)開放政府管理的相關(guān)法律。作為被大眾普遍認(rèn)為是“紅頭文件”的政府公告，包括了政府規(guī)章制度、行政命令和決議這些內(nèi)容，對(duì)大多數(shù)人來說是很神秘的，因?yàn)樵谶^去只有局級(jí)以上的干部才能接觸到。政府公告和其他政府文件在本質(zhì)上是相同的。 Supermarket of Administrative AffairsFive years ago, Huang Songji, a laidoff(下崗) female employee in Nanjing, invested 50，000 yuan to set up a kindergarten. However, she was soon asked to close down, as she failed to follow relevant procedures. She sought assistance at the Supermarket of Administrative Affairs, and with guidance by the staff, Huang quickly obtained all necessary procedures.What is the Supermarket of Administrative Affairs and how effective is it? The first supermarket was launched by the government of Xiaguan District, Nanjing City, in the residential munities of Xiaoshi and Rehenanlu（熱河南路） on October 16, 2000. The government set up its offices in a big hall to handle various administrative affairs, including more than 40 services related to 國內(nèi)事務(wù), employment, municipal construction, economy, handling of plaints and 法律執(zhí)行). It indeed has supermarket features of openness, efficiency and a variety of choice, hence the name, Supermarket of Administrative Affairs. Five other residential quarters followed suit a year later.The supermarket practices實(shí)施 a responsibility system to solve problems, and serve clients. In addition, supervision監(jiān)督 and feedback procedures have also been adopted. The system, which enables citizens to learn about government administrative affairs, contributes to the government39。 leasing newspaper booths and registering the unemployed. Apart from these services, the supermarket has also set up a training room培訓(xùn)場(chǎng)所, a low consultation room and a suggestion box, as well as a telephone hotline to answer questions. In addition, government leaders regularly visit the supermarket to interact with the public in person.Many citizens have expressed their satisfaction with the supermarket.It quickly solves problems, and shortens the psychological distance between leaders and the masses. Surveys recently conducted in five 39。于是她到行政事務(wù)“超市”尋求援助，在相關(guān)工作人員的幫助指導(dǎo)下，黃松姬很快就獲得了全部必須的手續(xù)。緊接著的其他五個(gè)住宅區(qū)第二年也合適進(jìn)行了。孫威，一個(gè)“超市”工作人員，說在過去政治是被鎖在辦公室的抽屜里的，現(xiàn)在它們則被張貼到墻上，清晰地反映了問題以及解決問題的可能時(shí)機(jī)。除了這些服務(wù)以外，“超市”還設(shè)置了一個(gè)培訓(xùn)室、一個(gè)咨詢室、一個(gè)意見箱和一部電話熱線來回答問題。目前在五個(gè)‘超市’進(jìn)行的調(diào)查表明了公眾對(duì)于這一舉措都感到非常滿意。上海的“超市”，即小區(qū)事務(wù)中心，現(xiàn)在在全市有80個(gè)分支，提供50多種服務(wù)。同時(shí)，為了顧客的利益，一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和統(tǒng)一的規(guī)章制度也會(huì)建立，相關(guān)的工作人員會(huì)佩帶姓名標(biāo)簽。s firstclass ones and match international advanced level. By the end of the 10th FiveYear Plan period (200105), all the government departments related to social management and services will be on the network. “電子政府”將政府行政事務(wù)展示在因特網(wǎng)上似乎是一個(gè)持續(xù)增長的世界趨勢(shì)，對(duì)于開放式的管理的政府工作來說。但是，從20世紀(jì)80年代中期開始中國開始提倡辦公自動(dòng)化，直到1998年中國開始發(fā)展電子政府計(jì)劃，利用因特網(wǎng)來發(fā)布信息、處理日常的辦公事務(wù)和提供其他服務(wù)都促進(jìn)了政府部門中電子商務(wù)的發(fā)展。日前的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示了全國目前有2200多個(gè)政府網(wǎng)址，在推進(jìn)信息產(chǎn)業(yè)的建設(shè)上起了舉足輕重的作用。它的本國網(wǎng)頁上記載了今日事件，為主要活動(dòng)和事件提供信息，并且有各種各樣熱點(diǎn)話題討論的報(bào)道。這一網(wǎng)頁也為弱勢(shì)群體提供法律援助。此外，上海計(jì)劃在未來五年內(nèi)建立一個(gè)寬敞的入口，這樣它將是中國第一等的政府網(wǎng)站之一，并達(dá)到國際先進(jìn)水平。 and informing citizens on city construction projects on time. The exhibition organizers then sorted the suggestions and delivered them to the decisionmaking departments.Bringing city planning to the public shows the government39。在假日和周末期間，3000平方米的展覽大廳每天要接待大約1500名參觀者。然后展覽組織者把這些建議分類并且送到了決議制定部門?！伴_放城市計(jì)劃進(jìn)程可以極大地改善事態(tài)，因?yàn)橹饕臎Q定將接受專家的正式批準(zhǔn)、市民的建議和媒體的監(jiān)督。s accountability有責(zé)任 to the legislature立法機(jī)構(gòu) and the citizenry市民 for its policies and programs. Last but not least最后, one should mention the symbolic and legitimacy合法，合理 benefits of management reform. For politicians these benefits consist partly of being seem to be doing something. Announcing reforms, criticizing bureaucracy, praising new management techniques, promising improved services for the future, 改組部門 and agenciesall these activities help to attract favorable attention to the politicians who espouse信奉 them. A cynic憤世嫉俗者 might observe that, in these days when the power of individual governments to act independently is increasingly called into questions by a plex interplay相互影響 of local, national and international constrains, the one thing that ministers usually can dowith the appearance of dynamism but at little immediate直接的 costis to announce changes in their own machinery of governance. 公共管理改革通常被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)結(jié)束的方式，并不是它本身要結(jié)束。最后，應(yīng)該提一下管理改革的象征性的和合法的利益。一個(gè)憤世嫉俗的人也許會(huì)注意到在那些當(dāng)個(gè)人獨(dú)裁政府的權(quán)力顯示出獨(dú)立姿態(tài)的日子里，問題總是被一個(gè)由當(dāng)?shù)氐?、國家的和國際的約束組成的并且相互影響的復(fù)雜體不斷持續(xù)地創(chuàng)造出來。If management reform really does produce 約型、高效的 government, with higherquality services and more effective programs, and if it will simultaneously同時(shí)地 enhance political control, free豐富的 managers to manage, ma