【正文】 策會(huì)有效的機(jī)遇。There are also legitimacy benefits for those senior officials who, almost invariably不變地, shaping and implementing such initiatives革新. They may gain in reputation by association with modernizing and streamlining使簡(jiǎn)化 activities. 對(duì)于那些幾乎總是在對(duì)于主動(dòng)的整修和執(zhí)行中起著重要作用的高級(jí)官員來說也有其合法的利益。我們可以認(rèn)為這是一種典型的“改革”。懷疑論持有者會(huì)大搖其頭，指出這樣的調(diào)查證據(jù)，管理者他們自己會(huì)認(rèn)為在政治上的敏感操作諸如社會(huì)安全、健康保健、教育和監(jiān)獄服務(wù)可以撒手不管。s need for 39。在西方的民主政治中，由于一般政治進(jìn)程的激烈度和加速度變化的結(jié)果，政治關(guān)注的探照燈從一件事情轉(zhuǎn)移到另一件的速度比不同的政治家之間需要某物來顯示現(xiàn)在的和組織改革的對(duì)時(shí)間、許諾和連續(xù)性很可能的增長(zhǎng)的需要的需求之間復(fù)雜的組織變化能達(dá)到的程度快多了。但是這個(gè)并不是最頂級(jí)的政治家認(rèn)可的那種時(shí)間進(jìn)度表。To make matters more plicated still, there is, as mentators have noticed, a delay which affects a good deal of public management reform. The full benefits of major changes in the processes and structures of public agencies normally cannot be harvested until three, four, five or even more years after a reform programs has been launched. To begin with, new legislation might formulate and refine new operating procedures, train staff how to work with them, define new roles and the appropriate , set new measurement systems in place, inform service users and other stakeholders賭金保管者, and work hard to reduce the anxiety all novelties have probably caused, both among users and among staff. But this is not the kind of timescale that most senior politicians are fortable with. Their focus is more intensely shortterm: on the next election, the next government reshuffle改組, or even today39。“在官僚機(jī)構(gòu)中統(tǒng)治特殊決定制訂者的規(guī)則是靠有選擇地打擊鎮(zhèn)壓某段時(shí)間的某個(gè)目標(biāo)來維持的，操縱平衡而不必承認(rèn)在某標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上很緊繃但在另外一個(gè)很松弛”。他們甚至可能有不正當(dāng)?shù)呐斫o予相關(guān)的管理進(jìn)步補(bǔ)償（更重要的），比他們以前更加可惡。一個(gè)憤世嫉俗的人也許會(huì)注意到在那些當(dāng)個(gè)人獨(dú)裁政府的權(quán)力顯示出獨(dú)立姿態(tài)的日子里，問題總是被一個(gè)由當(dāng)?shù)氐?、?guó)家的和國(guó)際的約束組成的并且相互影響的復(fù)雜體不斷持續(xù)地創(chuàng)造出來。s accountability有責(zé)任 to the legislature立法機(jī)構(gòu) and the citizenry市民 for its policies and programs. Last but not least最后, one should mention the symbolic and legitimacy合法，合理 benefits of management reform. For politicians these benefits consist partly of being seem to be doing something. Announcing reforms, criticizing bureaucracy, praising new management techniques, promising improved services for the future, 改組部門 and agenciesall these activities help to attract favorable attention to the politicians who espouse信奉 them. A cynic憤世嫉俗者 might observe that, in these days when the power of individual governments to act independently is increasingly called into questions by a plex interplay相互影響 of local, national and international constrains, the one thing that ministers usually can dowith the appearance of dynamism but at little immediate直接的 costis to announce changes in their own machinery of governance. 公共管理改革通常被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)結(jié)束的方式，并不是它本身要結(jié)束。然后展覽組織者把這些建議分類并且送到了決議制定部門。 and informing citizens on city construction projects on time. The exhibition organizers then sorted the suggestions and delivered them to the decisionmaking departments.Bringing city planning to the public shows the government39。這一網(wǎng)頁也為弱勢(shì)群體提供法律援助。日前的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示了全國(guó)目前有2200多個(gè)政府網(wǎng)址，在推進(jìn)信息產(chǎn)業(yè)的建設(shè)上起了舉足輕重的作用。s firstclass ones and match international advanced level. By the end of the 10th FiveYear Plan period (200105), all the government departments related to social management and services will be on the network. “電子政府”將政府行政事務(wù)展示在因特網(wǎng)上似乎是一個(gè)持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的世界趨勢(shì)，對(duì)于開放式的管理的政府工作來說。上海的“超市”，即小區(qū)事務(wù)中心，現(xiàn)在在全市有80個(gè)分支，提供50多種服務(wù)。除了這些服務(wù)以外，“超市”還設(shè)置了一個(gè)培訓(xùn)室、一個(gè)咨詢室、一個(gè)意見箱和一部電話熱線來回答問題。緊接著的其他五個(gè)住宅區(qū)第二年也合適進(jìn)行了。 leasing newspaper booths and registering the unemployed. Apart from these services, the supermarket has also set up a training room培訓(xùn)場(chǎng)所, a low consultation room and a suggestion box, as well as a telephone hotline to answer questions. In addition, government leaders regularly visit the supermarket to interact with the public in person.Many citizens have expressed their satisfaction with the supermarket.It quickly solves problems, and shortens the psychological distance between leaders and the masses. Surveys recently conducted in five 39。政府公告和其他政府文件在本質(zhì)上是相同的。專家呼吁我們應(yīng)該并且給予特別重視來建立專門機(jī)構(gòu)來處理相關(guān)事務(wù)，并且出臺(tái)開放政府管理的相關(guān)法律。具體如下：社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、工作目標(biāo)及其具體實(shí)施的策略；制定重大方針政策的程序；財(cái)政預(yù)算及其執(zhí)行；特別基金和重要物資購買的分配和使用；主要建設(shè)工程的資本和招標(biāo)；政府向公眾的承諾及其執(zhí)行實(shí)施；有關(guān)公民、法人和組織的利益及權(quán)利的法律執(zhí)行；主要事件的處理情況；官員的選舉和任命，人民公仆的任職和模范工人的評(píng)價(jià)，機(jī)構(gòu)改革中工人和職員的調(diào)任和其他公眾關(guān)注的內(nèi)容；行政功能和公務(wù)職責(zé)；工作內(nèi)容、條件、程序、時(shí)間表以及結(jié)果；工作原則、承諾和對(duì)違背承諾的上訴以及案件的調(diào)查結(jié)果。s transformation of government functions that of its economic growth.A fresh move, the opening of government administration still needs improvement. Experts the state to place great importance on the issue by setting up special department to handle related affairs, and devising （制定）a law on opening government administrations. 第一篇：開放式的公眾管理感謝政府日前的開放其行政管理的努力，邀請(qǐng)市民旁聽行政會(huì)議的建議被采納并且在2001年12月16日得到落實(shí)，安徽省蚌埠市的公民現(xiàn)在有機(jī)會(huì)出席參加市政府會(huì)議。 管理職能以及官方的責(zé)任Working content, conditions, procedures and timetable as well as the result。Major capital construction projects and their bidding。旁聽者可能是市人大代表、政協(xié)委員、民主黨派成員、工商企業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)的成員和其他人士等等。s recent efforts to open its administrationadopting the Measures for Inviting Citizens to listen to the Administrative Meeting, which （生效，實(shí)施）on December 16, 2001. 安徽省蚌埠市的群眾現(xiàn)在有機(jī)會(huì)出席旁聽市政府的召開的會(huì)議了，這主要是得益于市政府最近采用并制定的開放式行政管理的措施而邀請(qǐng)市民出席旁聽政府的一些行政管理方面的會(huì)議。Increasing Transparency增加透明度On the basis of （飲水工程） carried out in some cities and countries, Guangdong Province has asked its governments at or above county level to open their administrative affairs during the first half of this ，廣東省要求縣以上的各級(jí)政府在今年上半年里落實(shí)讓群眾旁聽政府組織召開的行政事務(wù)會(huì)議的制度。The acplishments of work the government promised to do for the public。 management of human resources, distribution of ine to workers and staff members as well as their welfare treatment。這些旁聽者可以是市人民代表大會(huì)的代表，中國(guó)人民政治協(xié)商會(huì)議當(dāng)?shù)匚瘑T會(huì)的成員，民主黨派人士，工商聯(lián)合會(huì)的成員和其他人員。開放行政管理信息的規(guī)則已成為政府管理中不可或缺的一部分。其中一部分來自于廣東省、浙江省、黑龍江省和香港特別行政區(qū)，這些人來電咨詢訂閱手續(xù)。公告吸引了很多人的注意力，他們中大部分是律師和會(huì)計(jì)。但是不久，因?yàn)闆]有遵守相關(guān)的手續(xù)，她被要求關(guān)閉該幼兒園。這個(gè)體系可以使公民了解到政府的行政管理事務(wù)，為政府開放其管理的努力做出了很大貢獻(xiàn)?！八鉀Q問題很快捷，并且拉近了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和大眾的心理距離。服務(wù)中心和相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)也將會(huì)在人口密集的社區(qū)建立。在有能力建立一個(gè)網(wǎng)上政府之前，中國(guó)還有很長(zhǎng)的一段路要走。中國(guó)上海致力于建立一個(gè)“電子政府”。今年年末，中國(guó)上海也和其附屬機(jī)構(gòu)聯(lián)系來建立一個(gè)更好的政府網(wǎng)絡(luò)。去年十月，北京舉行了一個(gè)關(guān)于所有城市計(jì)劃的展覽。周暢，中國(guó)建筑協(xié)會(huì)的總會(huì)長(zhǎng)，贊同以上說法。在實(shí)現(xiàn)這些重要目標(biāo)的征途上，公共管理改革也許會(huì)幫助實(shí)現(xiàn)許多中間的結(jié)果，包括那些增強(qiáng)政治家對(duì)于官僚機(jī)構(gòu)的控制管理、從官僚制度的抑制中解除公共官員，由于政策和綱要這種約束抑制了他們管理和增強(qiáng)政府對(duì)于立法機(jī)關(guān)和市民的責(zé)任的機(jī)會(huì)。通過和“現(xiàn)代化的”和“流線型的”活動(dòng)相結(jié)合，他們可