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在黨犯錯(cuò)誤時(shí)期，廣大黨員和黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的廣大群眾，還有從基層干部到高級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部，為革命仍然做了許多工作和巨大貢獻(xiàn)。自土地革命戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)起，開(kāi)辟和建設(shè)的一個(gè)又一個(gè)革命根據(jù)地，形成的井岡山精神、蘇區(qū)精神和長(zhǎng)征精神，都是以毛澤東為代表的中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨人在探索中國(guó)革命道路的艱苦卓絕斗爭(zhēng)中鑄就的。這些革命精神永遠(yuǎn)感天動(dòng)地，熠熠生輝?！獙?duì)犯錯(cuò)誤的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人也要具體分析，不能再固守“一錯(cuò)全錯(cuò)”的形而上學(xué)思維定勢(shì)。陳獨(dú)秀作為黨的創(chuàng)始人之一，在前期的功績(jī)是有目共睹的。就是王明主持起草主張建立統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線的“八一宣言”，也是應(yīng)當(dāng)肯定的。（二）再回過(guò)頭來(lái)看，遵義會(huì)議的后14年與此前14年的關(guān)系。這后14年也有撥亂反正、歷史延續(xù)和創(chuàng)新性發(fā)展三個(gè)層面，即在撥亂反正、糾正錯(cuò)誤之后，繼承前14年正確的和比較正確的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)和思想理論成果，總結(jié)新的歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了馬克思主義中國(guó)化的歷史性飛躍，指引中國(guó)革命取得了偉大勝利。具體地說(shuō)：一是實(shí)現(xiàn)了中央高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的改組，在確立以毛澤東為實(shí)際核心的正確領(lǐng)導(dǎo)后，逐漸形成了成熟的中央領(lǐng)導(dǎo)集體。從此，黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的革命戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)從勝利走向勝利。二是實(shí)現(xiàn)了軍事路線和政治路線的轉(zhuǎn)變，經(jīng)過(guò)四渡赤水，擺脫國(guó)民黨軍隊(duì)的圍追堵截，在飛越金沙江、大渡河，過(guò)雪山草地，到達(dá)陜北后，抓住和平解決西安事變的有利時(shí)機(jī)，倡導(dǎo)第二次國(guó)共合作，建立抗日民族統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線，開(kāi)辟了中國(guó)革命的新局面。土地革命戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期紅軍的戰(zhàn)略戰(zhàn)術(shù)，在抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和解放戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中有了新的發(fā)展，人民軍隊(duì)越戰(zhàn)越強(qiáng)，最后消滅 800萬(wàn)國(guó)民黨軍隊(duì)，建立了新中國(guó)。三是在總結(jié)井岡山時(shí)期和蘇區(qū)時(shí)期開(kāi)辟的中國(guó)革命道路豐富實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上提出中國(guó)革命道路理論；在抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期進(jìn)一步深化了對(duì)中國(guó)革命規(guī)律和特點(diǎn)的認(rèn)識(shí)和把握，又創(chuàng)立了新民主主義理論。四是在遵義會(huì)議時(shí)，由于與共產(chǎn)國(guó)際聯(lián)系中斷，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨根據(jù)面對(duì)的實(shí)際情況，獨(dú)立自主地決定了自己的組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和方針政策等重大問(wèn)題。如果說(shuō)當(dāng)時(shí)是不得已而為之，那么在恢復(fù)與共產(chǎn)國(guó)際聯(lián)系后，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨開(kāi)始改變過(guò)去唯共產(chǎn)國(guó)際之命是從的盲目性，逐漸確立了中國(guó)革命的獨(dú)立自主原則，并成為中國(guó)革命取得勝利的一個(gè)重要原因。五是通過(guò)延安整風(fēng)，在總結(jié)遵義會(huì)議前黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)革命兩次勝利和兩次失敗的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)基礎(chǔ)上，批判“左”、右傾錯(cuò)誤，確立馬克思主義基本原理一定要與中國(guó)革命具體實(shí)際相結(jié)合的指導(dǎo)原則，創(chuàng)立了毛澤東思想。從而，開(kāi)啟了黨的指導(dǎo)思想有屬于自己的中國(guó)化馬克思主義理論的先河。筆者以為，以遵義會(huì)議為界把民主革命的歷程劃分為前后兩個(gè) 14年，并且從前后兩個(gè)方面來(lái)辯證地、歷史地認(rèn)識(shí)我們黨的這段歷史，有助于科學(xué)地把握遵義會(huì)議的歷史轉(zhuǎn)折作用，也有助于更加理性地全面認(rèn)識(shí)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的 28年新民主主義革命的偉大歷程?！沧髡呤偃?，中共中央黨史研究室原副主任、研究員〕第三篇：英語(yǔ)學(xué)科教學(xué)論(一) is the goal of foreign language teaching?To help the learner master the target language in the shortest possible timeBy mastering the target language, we mean that the learner is able to have successful munications with others in the target is the nature of FLTM?FLTM is a science which studies the processes and patterns of foreign language teaching, aiming at revealing the nature and laws of foreign language examines the practices and procedures in foreign language teaching。studies approaches, methods and techniques。and studies principles and beliefs that underline do we call FLTM is an interdisciplinary science?It involves a lot of disciplines such as philosophy, linguistics, psychology, pedagogy, Anthropology, we call it an interdisciplinary science are the main features of traditional linguistics?(purpose, beliefs, approach and contents)Purpose: to help understand classic worksbeliefs: the written form of language superior to the spoken :a prescriptive approachContents: Classification of all the words into 8 parts of speech and the study of the syntax of Greek are the main features of American structuralism?(beliefs, approach and contents)beliefs: speech was primary and writing was :a descriptive and inductive approachContents: language was a habit of verbal behavior which consisted of a series of stimuli and acquire a language was to form a habit of verbal behavior and learning a language was learning a is Chomsky’s explanation of the first language acquisition process?Linguists should study the linguistic petence, not the performance, of the native speaker and try to set up a system of rules that will generate an infinite number of grammatical is the main feature of functional linguistics?the meaning of any single word is to a high degree dependent on its context of situation must have an important position in a descriptive linguistic events should be accounted for at three primary levels: substance)the material of language), form(organization)and context(relations of the form to nonlinguistic features of the situation).Three dimensions: field, tenor, and is the basic theory of Gestalt psychology?Contents: the area of perception, aiming at the exploration of the relationship between parts and whole in people’s perceptual : people perceives objects and scenes as organized wholes before they noticed their ponent parts is the basic theory of psychoanalysis?Contents: the analysis of the unconscious : unconscious mental processes influence conscious thought and is the basic theory of behaviorism?Important figures: (American psychologist)Contents: nonhuman animal’s behavior and the external environmental : Behavior was the only proper subject of study in psychology ,because only behavior, not the mind, could be observed publicly and objectivelyImportant figures:, the leader of behaviorismContents: learningTo characterize learning in terms of stimuli and responsesTo identify basic learning processesBeliefs: learning processes can be divided into two kinds: classical conditioning and operant is the basic theory of cognitive psychology?contents：to explain observable behavior by reference to hypothetical mental : experimental subjects do not simply make passive, mechanic responses to they are very active in identifying the meaning of stimuli and in expecting the consequences of their are the main six theories of second language acquisition? What are the main features? The habitformation theory習(xí)慣形成理論According to behaviorists, language is regarded as a set of linguistic habits and the linguistic habits are formed through identifying and strengthening the associations between stimuli and a second language means the formation of a new set of linguistic and practice play an important role in the process of should be predicted, avoided and should be transfer/ negative transfer/ contrastive analysisThe hypothesis of linguistic universals 語(yǔ)言共性說(shuō)There exists certain linguistic properties which are true to all the natural languages in the Chomsky : a particular language。core grammar and peripheral grammarHoseph : different languagesThe acculturation theory 文化認(rèn)同說(shuō)Individuals of one culture have to go through the process of modification in attitudes, knowledge, and behavior in order to function well in another and psychological distances determine the degree of acculturation successThe discourse theory話語(yǔ)交際說(shuō)In the late 1970s:focus his research on the process of second language acquisitionOnly through municatio