【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 translators should bear in mind what the function of translation text is, what the target readers39。 demand is and even what municative situation is. Finally, the choice of translation strategies is decided by the purpose of the translation text, in order to achieve a better function text. 嚴(yán)禁攜帶易燃易爆物品進站乘車 1. No carrying bustibles and explosive in metro （上海百盛附近的地鐵站） 2. Bring bustibles and explosives into the station and on board is strictly prohibited. （上海中山公園地鐵站內(nèi)） 3. Inflammable explosive and dangerous articles are forbidden.（杭州火車站內(nèi)） 4. Hazardous goods are strictly prohibited taken into on train. （上?；疖囌緝?nèi)） 四種譯法，哪個實現(xiàn)了功能？ 外國語學(xué)院 No Entry of Hazardous Goods into the Station or on the Train Another example may tell us more: 原文：女生宿舍 ， 男生莫入 譯文： Female Students Only Purposes Determine Translation Strategies The three main rules are: skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule. Rule （目的規(guī)則） The topranking rule for any translation is thus the skopos rule, which means that a translation action is determined by its skopos。 that is, ?the end justifies the means?” by Reiss and Vermeer. Vermeer also stresses on many occasions that the skopos rule is a general rule, and translation strategies and methods are determined by the purpose and the intended function of the target text. Three Rules of Skopos Theory 外國語學(xué)院 Careful Motion Gate Watch For the Mobile Gate Rule （連貫規(guī)則） The coherence rule states that the target text must be interpretable as coherent with the target text receiver39。s situation. In other words, the target text must be translated in such a way that it is coherent for the target text receivers, given their circumstances and knowledge. In terms of coherence rule, the source text is no longer of most authority but only part of the translation beliefs. It is only an offer of information for the translator, who in turn picks out what he considers to be meaningful in the receiver39。s situation. Three Rules of Skopos Theory 3. Fidelity Rule（忠實規(guī)則） Translation is a preceding offer of information. It is expected to bear some relationship with the corresponding source text. Vermeer calls this relationship intertextual coherence or fidelity. This is postulated as a further principle, referred to as the fidelity rule by Reiss and Vermeer in 1984. The fidelity rule merely states that there must be coherence between the translated version and the source text Three Rules of Skopos Theory Relationship among the Rules Fidelity rule is considered subordinate to coherence rule, and both are subordinate to the skopos rule. If the skopos requires a change of function, the criterion will no longer be fidelity to the source text but adequacy or appropriateness with regard to the skopos. And if the skopos demands intratextual incoherence, the standard of coherence rule is no longer vivid.（忠實規(guī)則服從連貫規(guī)則，兩者又都服從目的規(guī)則） Relationship among the Rules 外國語學(xué)院 No Littering Skopos theory reflects a general shift from predominantly LINGUISTIC and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation. This shift drew inspiration from munication theory, action theory, text linguistics and text theory, as well as from movements in literary studies towards reception theories(接受理論） . Apart from Hans Vermeer, the founder of skopos theory, other scholars working in the paradigm include Margret Ammann (1989/1990), Hans H246。nig and Paul Kussmaul (1982), Sigrid KupschLosereit (1986), Christiane Nord (1988) and Heidrun Witte (1987a). Skopos Theory Is a Theorical Shift Skopos theory takes seriously factors which have always been stressed in action theory, and which were brought into sharp relief with the growing need in the latter half of the twentieth century for the translation of nonliterary text types. In the translation of scientific and academic papers, instructions for use, tourist guides, contracts, etc., the contextual factors surrounding the translation cannot be ignored. These factors include the culture of the intended readers of the target text and of the client who has missioned it, and, in particular, the function of the text is to perform in that culture for those readers. Skopos theory is directly oriented towards this function. Translation is viewed not as a process of transcoding, but as a specific form of human action. Like any other human action, translation has a purpose. Skopos must be